The proposed multidimensional model of oral health has construct validity. Self-rated oral health is affected by oral disease and tissue damage, oral pain and discomfort, oral functional limitation, and oral disadvantage. These self-reported measures and the proposed model should provide useful information for dental care effectiveness research. General health status has been disaggregated into the "physical" and the "mental;" an additional separation into the "oral" aspects of health seems warranted.

Background and Purpose-Evidence for ethnic disparities in stroke incidence, severity, and mortality has continued to mount in recent years. However, the picture for disparities in acute management and rehabilitation remains more ambiguous. The objective of this report is to summarize current evidence from stroke epidemiology and studies focusing on disparities in stroke care and disability, suggesting courses for action. Methods-A comprehensive search of current literature on ethnic/racial variation in stroke incidence, mortality, and severity, as well as acute and postacute patient care was performed. Results-Recent evidence unambiguously reaffirms a greater burden of disease in stroke, greater mortality, and greater severity of strokes for blacks. Evidence for disparities in acute and postacute care is less conclusive, as is the evidence for disparities among other ethnic groups. Evidence for health disparities in stroke care across settings, regions, and the continuum of care varies considerably. Conclusions-Minority ethnic groups have higher rates or more severe stroke, but variations in prognosis for clinical outcomes other than mortality remain less certain. There is considerable need for more studies that take into account regional ethnic variations in treatment and outcomes, and for better documentation of stroke outcomes among groups in addition to blacks. Dealing with ethnic disparities in stroke will be served by sustained attention to quality improvement in high-impact areas in stroke care, complemented by initiatives that promote cultural competence.

The LCM and TPM with a log-transformed dependent variable are superior to other approaches in handling data with ceiling effects.

No abstract

Determining factors that may lessen burden and depressive symptoms for caregivers of stroke survivors during the transition period after discharge to their residence are imperative for developing successful interventions. SOC appears to be an important response in alleviating the levels of perceived burden and especially in depressive symptoms.

Background and Purpose-Many Veteran Health Administration (VHA) enrollees receive health services outside the VHA system. However, limited information is available about poststroke utilization and mortality by veterans who used multiple sources of health care. This study assessed the likelihood of 12-month poststroke rehospitalization and mortality of veterans who used VHA only versus those who used multiple sources of care. Methods-Our retrospective observational study examined veterans living in Florida and diagnosed with acute stroke. We categorized users into 4 groups: VHA-only, VHA-Medicare, VHA-Medicaid, and VHA-Medicare-Medicaid based on their use of each health care program. Logistic regression models were fitted for 12-month poststroke general rehospitalization, recurrent stroke readmission, and mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results-The sample consisted of 29% VHA-only users, 61% VHA-Medicare users, 3% VHA-Medicaid users, and 7%VHA-Medicare-Medicaid triple users. Compared with the VHA-only users, multiple system users were significantly more likely to be rehospitalized for any cause and for recurrent stroke 12-months postindex. Mortality outcomes depended on when the outcome was measured; at the index admission date, we found no significant difference in mortality across the user groups; at the index discharge date, the VHA-only users was less likely to die within the first 12 months than the users of the 2 dual groups (VHA-Medicare and VHA-Medicaid). Conclusions-Multiple health care source use was common among VHA enrollees with acute stroke in Florida. Multiple system users were more likely to be rehospitalized and the mortality outcomes were dependent on when the outcome was measured.

We examined the cost-effectiveness of a care coordination/home telehealth (CCHT) programme for veterans with diabetes. We conducted a retrospective, pre-post study which compared data for a cohort of veterans (n=370) before and after the introduction of the CCHT programme for two periods of 12 months. To assess the cost-effectiveness, we converted the patients' health-related quality of life data into Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) utility scores and used costs to construct incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The overall mean ICER for the programme at one-year was $60,941, a value within the commonly-cited range of cost-effectiveness of $50,000-100,000. The programme was cost-effective for one-third of the participants. Characteristics that contributed to cost-effectiveness were marital status, location and clinically relevant co-morbidities. By targeting the intervention differently in future work, it may become cost-effective for a greater proportion of patients.

This study examined the effectiveness of a veterans affairs (VA) patient-centered care coordination/home-telehealth (CC/HT) program as an adjunct to treatment for veterans with diabetes. Using an adapted version of the Chronic Care Model, we analyzed the differences in healthcare service use between a cohort of 400 veterans with diabetes who were enrolled in a VA CC/HT program and a matched comparison cohort of 400 veterans with diabetes who received no CC/HT intervention. Propensity scores were used to improve the balance between the treatment and comparison groups. Service use outcomes were assessed at 12 months before and after enrollment. A difference-in-differences approach was used in the multivariate models to assess the treatment effect for patients in the CC/HT programs. Twelve months after enrollment, there was a significant difference between the treatment and comparison groups in terms of need-based primary care visits (newly scheduled visits that enable the veteran to be seen "just in time," where the health status is monitored and met before health deteriorates), increasing in the treatment group and decreasing in the comparison group (P < .01). In a subgroup analysis, where we were able to control for the patients' Hb A1c values, we found that the treatment group had a lower likelihood of having 1 or more hospitalizations than patients in the comparison group. Our findings have implications for management in that the CC/HT program appears to improve the ability of older veterans with diabetes to receive appropriate, timely care, thereby improving the quality of care for them and making more efficient use of VA healthcare resources.