With # Plate (No. VIII.), and a Section.[Read 8th February, 1897.] SINCE the publication of papers by Sir William Dawson and Professor Penhallow on Parka decipiens, renewed attention has been drawn to the origin and affinities of this deceiving fossil, and though the authors of the present paper had in their own minds been perfectly satisfied with the general conclusions arrived at by these writers, they are aware that doubts are still cast upon the propriety of associating certain stems and leaves with this organism as their fruit. Indeed, one eminent botanist, after all the evidence which has been produced, has been unable to accept it, and still expresses doubts of the vegetable origin of Parka at all.It is principally, then, to meet such objections that the present writers have thought of bringing together, and re-stating, in the following paper, the whole argument in favour of the vegetable origin and rhizocarpian affinities of this remarkable fossil.Parka decipiens was first discovered by Dr. Fleming, who described it in 1831.* It received its generic name from Parkhill, near Newburgh, on the Fife shore of the Firth of Tay, where Dr. Fleming had found it some two years previously in a bed of sandstone which underlies the Ochils, and stretches from Balmerino on the east to Abernethy and Dron on the west. Its specific name was given on account of its deceiving nature, a character which, as we shall see, it has since well maintained.Hugh Miller, in his " Testimony of the Rocks," t quotes Fleming's description of Parka, as follows: -"These organisms occur in the form of circular flat patches, not equalling an inch in diameter, and composed of numerous smaller contiguous pieces. They are not unlike what might be expected to result from a compressed berry, such as the bramble or the rasp. As, however, they are found lying adjacent to the narrow leaves of gramineous [-looking] vegetables, and chiefly in clay slate, originally lacustrine silt, it is probable that they constituted at Carleton University http://trngl.lyellcollection.org/ Downloaded from 106 TRANSACTIONS-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP GLASGOW. the conglobate panicles of extinct species of the genus Junicus or Sparzanium."Sir Charles Lyell, in 1855,* referred to the occurrence of Parka in the sandstones of Fifeshire and Forfarshire, mentioning its resemblance to the eggs of Natica, a gasteropodous mollusc, and also figuring a specimen of the latter to show the resemblance between the two forms. But he says that, as no gasteropodous shells have been detected in the same formation, the Parka has, probably, no connection with this class of organisms. He also cites Mantell's theory of their batrachian origin.Hugh Miller, in 1857,t showed that the egg-theory of the origin of Parka had been first propounded by the quarrymen of Carmylie in Forfarshire, who likened it to "puddock [frog] spawn," an idea which was largely adopted by many of our leading geologists, but he himself favoured the vegetable origin, and compared it to a strawberry or raspberry. We may note here...
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No abstract
The Ai Chiang-nan fu by the sixth-century poet Yu Hsin is one of the most famous and difficult of all Chinese medieval poems. It relates in a highly allegorical and elliptical manner the fall of the Liang dynasty, which the poet served. The poem belongs to the genre of the fu; rhapsodical, elegiac works written in an irregular metre. It is, however not at all typical of the genre, which is more often associated with descriptions of hunting parks, sacrifices, plants and birds. The poem thus deserves study both for its literary merits and for its uniqueness. Dr Graham provides a translation of the poem with a very detailed literary and historical commentary. Most previous studies of the fu have concentrated on the Han period but Dr Graham offers an extended discussion in any language of the genre in the period of the six dynasties (222–589). The book also includes an introduction to the history of the period.
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