Climatic shifts to drier conditions during drought alter the hydrologic pathways of water and solute flow to aquatic ecosystems. We examined differences in drought-induced trends in the semiconservative cations, Ca+Mg, in seven northern Wisconsin lakes. These spanned the range of hydrologic settings in the region, including hydraulically mounded, groundwater flowthrough, and groundwater-discharge lakes. Parallel increases in concentration across the seven lakes during drought were attributable to evapoconcentration. However, we observed divergent trends for mass, which better reflects altered solute flux by accounting for changes in lake volume. Ca+Mg mass increased in three groundwater-dominated lakes as precipitation inputs were low and groundwater discharging from longer flowpaths became proportionately more important. In contrast, decreases in Ca+Mg mass for two precipitation-dominated lakes reflected diminished inputs of solute-rich groundwater. Landscape position, defined by the spatial position of a lake within a hydrologic flow system, accounted for the divergence in chemical responses to drought.

The rise of e‐commerce over the past 20 years has created an increased need for responsive omnichannel distribution to meet the last mile challenge. Some companies are experimenting with the use of the sharing economy business model to augment distribution strategies. The use of so‐called “Crowdsourced Logistics” (CSL) is becoming more prevalent in practice, but the role in logistics strategy of this new phenomenon has not been thoroughly investigated and understood. Using a contingency theory lens, this research contributes a nascent understanding of how CSL performs in terms of logistics effectiveness by simulating same‐day delivery services from a distribution center to 1,000 customer locations throughout New York City under dynamic market conditions and by comparing the results to those of a traditional dedicated fleet of delivery drivers. The findings are analyzed to suggest how firms may find strategic benefit using CSL. An agenda for future research is provided to explore these strategic implications and to deepen knowledge about the CSL phenomenon.

Purpose – As global populations become increasingly urbanized and urban areas grow in density and complexity, many firms seeking to operate in these areas face significant new challenges. The purpose of this paper is to identify the approaches utilized by urban logistics service providers to overcome the issues resulting from urban density and complexity. The paper also identifies potential directions for future research based on the research findings. Design/methodology/approach – The study followed a grounded theory approach (Corbin and Strauss, 2008) to uncover the approaches utilized by logistics service providers to adapt to urban environments. Findings – The urban environment exerts certain coercive and mimetic pressures on logistics service providers. To overcome these pressures, urban logistics service providers seek to manage space, resources, and legitimacy in the urban environment. Research limitations/implications – This research followed an inductive approach, and therefore, further empirical research is required to ensure statistical generalizability. Additionally, all research participants are currently employed in the USA, and so further research at the international level should be conducted. Practical implications – The framework presented will enable firms seeking to enter the urban market to more quickly adapt to the specific pressures of the urban ecology. Originality/value – While literature from several academic disciplines outline problems and solutions specific to urban areas, little qualitative, inductive research has been conducted in the field of urban logistics. The current research serves as a starting point for further urban logistics research.

The world is rapidly urbanizing, causing businesses to rethink venerable principles related to logistics and distribution. As populations urbanize and customer service expectations escalate, firms seek new ways to serve urban customers but are often frustrated by numerous complexities inherent to the urban context. Through a systematic literature review, this research combines concepts and theories from multiple nonbusiness disciplines in order to provide a foundation for understanding the urban environments within which logistics activities increasingly occur. In doing so, our review serves as a genesis for urban logistics theory development. The research identifies three distinct urban logistics stakeholder groups, each of which influences, directly or indirectly, urban logistics operations, and then uncovers four urban environmental characteristics that impede the implementation of traditional logistical systems and processes. Our analysis thereby enables managers to develop new logistical strategies that are suited to specific urban environments.

Supply chain integration (SCI) purportedly helps firms achieve performance returns on supply chain management (SCM) activities and resource investments that exceed the sums of their parts. Thus, several of the SCM field's seminal models focus on SCI as a central construct. However, the rapid development of literature on SCI has yielded some inconsistent and confusing findings. For example, two recent meta-analyses of the SCI-performance relationship have attempted to clarify SCI's identity and value (authored by Leuschner et al. 2013, and Mackelprang et al. 2014). Both were rigorously executed and based on their differing initial assumptions, appear to be "right." But, they derive different conclusions pertaining to the overall "value proposition" of SCI. How can this be? THE META-ANALYSIS PROCESS: COMPARISONS AND IMPLICATIONSThe two meta-analytic studies shared a common research objective. The similarities end there. The respective authors pursued distinct research processes because of differing underlying assumptions about what constitutes SCI. Key differences in the meta-analytic processes and assumptions included:• Different definitions: The definitions of integration were inconsistent across the studies. One focused on the locus of integration (i.e., which functional groups are being integrated). The other on its substance (i.e., which information and organizational processes are being integrated). This led to:• Different operationalizations: One study focused on extent of collaboration; the other on strength of linkages. These differences were based on and exacerbated by alternative keyword searches within the sampling process. This led to:• Different levels of analysis: One study suggested that SCI occurs at the strategic level of the firms in a supply chain only; the other suggests that SCI occurs at strategic, operational, and tactical levels of the organization.These differences culminated in the collection of two distinct sets of data, in the form of sample articles-one of much broader scope/sample size than the other. The result: different conclusions regarding the value of SCI:• Leuschner et al. (2013) find that firms move through "layers" of SCI, and the degree of SCI at each layer associates with operational outcomes such as delivery performance, but there is a lack of statistically significant association with financial, cost, and flexibility measures.• Alternatively, Mackelprang et al. (2014) find significant relationships between SCI and financial, cost, and flexibility performance outcomes, but in doing so, they view SCI only as occurring at the strategic layer of the firm; they find differences in performance based on which partners are doing the integrating, but these differences are agnostic to the type of processes and information actually being integrated.In short, one study finds limited benefits of SCI because it focuses on "what" is being integrated. The other study finds more benefits because the focus is on "who" is being integrated with "whom"-without regard to the "what." WHITHER ...

Hydrologic and chemical budgets were determined for the period October 1980 through September 1988 for Vandercook Lake, a 43-ha soft water seepage lake located in predominantly sandy outwash in northern Wisconsin. The 1951-1980 mean annual precipitation for the lake, based on nearby National Weather Service (NWS) stations, was 825 mm; volume-weighted p H of bulk atmospheric deposition during the 8-year study averaged 4.7. From October 1980 through September 1983, annual precipitation was 108% of the 30-year NWS average, annual recharge was 144% of the 8-year study period average, and annual groundwater inflow to the lake ranged from 5 to 9% of the total inflow. From October 1986 through September 1988, annual precipitation was 90% of the NWS average, annual recharge was 30% of the study period average, and the lake received no groundwater inflow. During the study, the lake changed from a system whose buffering mechanism was significantly influenced by mineral weathering in inflowing groundwater to one dominated by in-lake sulfate reduction. The functional differences exhibited by this lake during the 8 years of study demonstrate the tenuousness with which conclusions based on shorter-term studies of similar systems must be considered. 199 200 WENTZ ET AL ß SOFT WATER SEEPAGE LAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN Vilas Northern Highland. --,Lake District (• 5•0 1 •0 Kilometers 89ø42 ' 89041 '

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