O uso intenso do solo e a não adoção de práticas conservacionistas resulta em sua degradação e impactos ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de uso e a aptidão agrícola das terras de algumas propriedades rurais da Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Pelotas, localizadas no município de Pelotas/RS, utilizando as metodologias propostas, respectivamente, por Lepsch et al. (1991) e Schneider, Giasson e Klamt (2007). Para isso, foram avaliadas três propriedades rurais com pastagem, uma com lavoura e cinco com pomares de pêssego de diferentes idades (0, 2, 6, 8 e 12 anos). A partir dos resultados levantados, verifica-se que as áreas apresentam limitações quanto a capacidade de uso e aptidão agrícola, especialmente relacionadas à pouca profundidade efetiva do solo e, aos riscos de erosão associados à declividade e à textura média na camada superficial do solo. Apesar das limitações quanto ao uso destas áreas, a pastagem e a fruticultura são usos menos intensos de exploração do solo do que as culturas anuais, contudo, ainda se tornam necessárias a implementação de novas práticas conservacionistas do solo e da água ou manutenção daquelas já utilizadas. Palavras-chave: Degradação do solo. Práticas conservacionistas do solo. Limitações de uso das terras. Capacity of use and agricultural aptitude of land of rural properties located in the Pelotas River hydrographic basin Abstract The intense use of the soil and the failure to adopt conservationist practices, leads to its degradation and impacts on the environment. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the capacity of use and the agricultural aptitude of the lands of some rural properties of the Hydrographic Basin of Arroio Pelotas, located in the municipality of Pelotas/RS, using the methodologies proposed, respectively, by Lepsch et al. (1991) and Schneider, Giasson e Klamt (2007). For this, were evaluated three rural properties with pasture, one with annual crops and five with peach orchards of different ages (0, 2, 6, 8 and 12 years). From the results obtained, the areas have limitations in terms of their use capacity and agricultural aptitude, especially related to the little effective depth of the soil and the risks of erosion associated with the slope and the medium texture in the superficial layer of the soil. Despite the limitations on the use of these areas, pasture and orchards are less intense uses of soil than annual crops, however, it is still necessary to implement new soil and water conservation practices or maintain those already used. Keywords: Soil degradation. Soil conservation practices. Landuse limitations.
Soil erosion is one of the major problems in the agricultural areas in the world, and straw mulching is a conservation practice that may reduce soil runoff. How much straw mulching is necessary to reduce soil runoff? The objectives of this study were to quantify and characterize the runoff under different levels of oat straw mulching, as well as to analyze the cost of soil erosion. An experiment was performed in a site with the soil recently tilled for peach orchard implementation. In the ridges in the row of the peach orchard, plots were placed in order to quantify soil and nutrient losses by surface runoff due to interril erosion on the dates 23 August 2015 and 13 March 2016, considering the treatments were composed of different amounts of oat straw mulching (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha−1). The results showed that the use of oat straw mulching decreased soil runoff, especially the doses ≥2 Mg ha−1, and the cost to replace the available nutrients P, K, Ca and Mg via mineral fertilizer varies from US$ 75.4 (no mulching) to US$ 2.70 per hectare (8 Mg ha−1 oat straw mulching).
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