Handheld devices are becoming ubiquitous and as their capabilities increase, they are starting to displace laptop computers - much as laptop computers have displaced desktop computers in many roles. Handheld devices are evolving from today’s PDAs, organizers, cellular phones, and game machines into a variety of new forms. Although partially offset by improvements in low-power electronics, this increased functionality carries a corresponding increase in energy consumption. Second, as a consequence of displacing other pieces of equipment, handheld devices are seeing more use between battery charges. Finally, battery technology is not improving at the same pace as the energy requirements of handheld electronics. Therefore, energy management, once in the realm of desired features, has become an important design requirement and one of the greatest challenges in portable computing, and it will remain so for a long time to come.
A prototype pocket computer that has enough processing power and memory capacity to run cycle-hungry applications such as continuous-speech recognition and real-time MPEG-1 movie decoding has proved to be a useful experimental tool for interesting applications, systems work, and power studies.
The Western Research Laboratory (WRL) is a computer systems research group that was founded by Digital Equipment Corporation in 1982. Our focus is computer science research relevant to the design and application of high performance scientific computers. We test our ideas by designing, building, and using real systems. The systems we build are research prototypes; they are not intended to become products.There is a second research laboratory located in Palo Alto, the Systems Research Center (SRC). Other Digital research groups are located in Paris (PRL) and in Cambridge, Massachusetts (CRL).Our research is directed towards mainstream high-performance computer systems. Our prototypes are intended to foreshadow the future computing environments used by many Digital customers. The long-term goal of WRL is to aid and accelerate the development of high-performance uni-and multi-processors. The research projects within WRL will address various aspects of high-performance computing.We believe that significant advances in computer systems do not come from any single technological advance. Technologies, both hardware and software, do not all advance at the same pace. System design is the art of composing systems which use each level of technology in an appropriate balance. A major advance in overall system performance will require reexamination of all aspects of the system.We do work in the design, fabrication and packaging of hardware; language processing and scaling issues in system software design; and the exploration of new applications areas that are opening up with the advent of higher performance systems. Researchers at WRL cooperate closely and move freely among the various levels of system design. This allows us to explore a wide range of tradeoffs to meet system goals.We publish the results of our work in a variety of journals, conferences, research reports, and technical notes. This document is a research report. Research reports are normally accounts of completed research and may include material from earlier technical notes. We use technical notes for rapid distribution of technical material; usually this represents research in progress. UUCP: decwrl!wrl-techreportsTo obtain more details on ordering by electronic mail, send a message to one of these addresses with the word ''help'' in the Subject line; you will receive detailed instructions. Pool Boiling Enhancement Techniques for AbstractSaturated pool boiling of water at low, sub-atmospheric pressures from a heated, 12.7 x 12.7 mm horizontal surface was examined. Rectangular fins, fluidized particulate beds, and surface finishes were used to enhance heat transfer. Water at low pressure significantly decreases the boiling performance below that of water at atmospheric pressure. However, surface temperatures are reduced to values acceptable for cooling electronic components. All rectangular fin geometries were found to enhance heat transfer, although certain geometries were more effective. The finned surfaces extended the base area critical heat flux (CHF) ...
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