The finding that maximal urethral closure pressure and not urethral support is the factor most strongly associated with stress incontinence implies that improving urethral function may have therapeutic promise.

Medical three-dimensional (3D) printing has expanded dramatically over the past three decades with growth in both facility adoption and the variety of medical applications. Consideration for each step required to create accurate 3D printed models from medical imaging data impacts patient care and management. In this paper, a writing group representing the Radiological Society of North America Special Interest Group on 3D Printing (SIG) provides recommendations that have been vetted and voted on by the SIG active membership. This body of work includes appropriate clinical use of anatomic models 3D printed for diagnostic use in the care of patients with specific medical conditions. The recommendations provide guidance for approaches and tools in medical 3D printing, from image acquisition, segmentation of the desired anatomy intended for 3D printing, creation of a 3D-printable model, and post-processing of 3D printed anatomic models for patient care.

Sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses of uncertain origin and solid or complex cystic content benefit from further evaluation with MRI, which is highly accurate for identifying the origin of a mass and characterizing its tissue content, obviating surgery.

Delayed hypointensity and enhancing rim improve the specificity of diagnosis of HCC of all sizes but are seen less frequently in small (<2 cm) HCC. Nodule size (> or =2 cm) and delayed enhancing rim are the strongest predictors of HCC.

Purpose:To retrospectively correlate sonographic color Doppler twinkling artifact within the kidneys with unenhanced computed tomography (CT ) in the detection of nephrolithiasis. Materials and Methods:Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective HIPAA-complaint investigation, and the informed consent requirement was waived. Sonographic imaging reports describing the presence of renal twinkling artifact between January 2008 and September 2009 were identifi ed. Subjects who did not undergo unenhanced abdominal CT within 2 weeks after sonography were excluded. Ultrasound examinations were reviewed by three radiologists working together, and presence, number, location, and size of renal twinkling artifacts were documented by consensus opinion. Sonographic fi ndings were correlated with unenhanced CT (5-mm section width, no overlap) for nephrolithiasis and other causes of twinkling artifact. The number, location, and size of renal calculi at CT were documented. Results:The presence of sonographic renal twinkling artifact, in general, had a 78% (95% confi dence interval: 0.66, 0.90) positive predictive value for nephrolithiasis anywhere in the kidneys at CT. The true-positive rate of twinkling artifact for confi rmed calculi at CT was 49% (73 of 148 twinkling foci), while the false-positive rate was 51% (75 of 148 twinkling foci). The overall sensitivity of twinkling artifact for the detection of specifi c individual renal calculi observed at CT was 55% (95% confi dence interval: 0.47, 0.64). Conclusion:While renal twinkling artifact is commonly associated with nephrolithiasis, this fi nding is relatively insensitive in routine clinical practice and has a high false-positive rate when 5-mm unenhanced CT images are used as the reference standard.q RSNA, 2011Supplemental material: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup /suppl