This study examined the current developments in customer due diligence (CDD) in the financial technology (FinTech) era. The study of anti-money laundering (AML) and combating financing of terrorism (CFT) gained prominence after the 2007–2009 global financial crisis (GFC), in which administrative penalties were issued to financial institutions. Faced with AML regulatory compliance issues, technological solutions were or are still being developed. Thus, several technological innovation developments have shaped the future direction of the CDD aspects in the AML/CFT sphere. A bibliometric review and meta-analysis was employed for the study. The Scopus database was utilised to generate the dataset for the study, while SciVal was applied for research metric analysis. The major findings revealed that the key research themes in this area include anti-money laundering, banks and crime, and cryptocurrency, as well as blockchain and corruption. It was also established that most of the research done in this area is focused on the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. The integration of CDD with FinTech is still an emerging area that requires interdisciplinary collaborations.
Money launderers prefer to use financial services as the ideal medium for laundering. This study aimed to provide an overview of the global AML/CFT regulations, application and how they should evolve in this dynamic environment. To gather more insight, a qualitative study was undertaken with relevant documents analysed. The main finding was that country implementation of the global AML/CFT regulations differed due to political and economic factors, amongst others. While the various AML/CFT enforcements done by sampled countries were mainly cease and desist orders and monetary penalties that were publicised, the drawbacks of global AML/CFT regulations centred on the application of these regulations and emerging trends. These include, among other definitions of money laundering, reference to the three stages of money laundering, the link between penalty and violations, technological innovations and regulation paradigm shift, cyber-attacks, and data privacy. This study contributes to the application and growing body of knowledge in that the advent of technology has resulted in better consumer experiences, new payment platforms, products and services. However, these innovations have broadened emerging money laundering risks and risks to the financial system in general. Hence, there is a need to conduct research-based FATF recommendations, as risk is dynamic and not static.
Money launderers prefer to use financial services as the ideal medium to launder. The study aimed to provide an overview of the global AML/CFT regulations, application and how they should evolve in this dynamic environment. To gather more insight, a qualitative study was undertaken with relevant documents analysed. The main findings were: country implementation of the global AML/CFT regulations differed due to political and economic factors amongst others. While the various AML/CFT enforcements done by sampled countries were mainly cease and desist orders and monetary penalties which were publicized; and drawbacks of global AML/CFT regulations centered on application of these regulations and emerging trends. These include among other definitions of money laundering, reference to the three stage of money laundering, link between penalty and violations, technological innovations and regulations paradigm shift, cyber-attacks and data privacy. The study contributes to application and growing body of knowledge in that the advent of technology has resulted in better consumer experiences, new payment platforms, products, and services. However, these innovations have broadened emerging money laundering risks and risks in general to the financial system. Hence the need to conduct research based FATF Recommendations as risk is dynamic and not static.
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