A set of conditions connected to pregnancy and caused by trophoblast cells are known as gestational trophoblastic diseases. There are benign and malignant cancers, including invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors (ETT). These cancers are classified as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms (GTN), which are less common but more serious. Most often, monitoring serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with histological confirmation is used to diagnose GTN. As a differential diagnosis, certain tissue biomarkers have grown in popularity. This has produced more accurate results and various treatment regimens and prognoses for each GTN. The World Health Organization's prognostic score system and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics anatomical staging system are the foundations for the treatment. Suppose the proper diagnosis is made and the instructions are followed. In that case, choriocarcinoma and invasive mole cases can be cured in 98 percent of instances, whereas PSTT and ETT still have only moderate success rates. The increased understanding of GTN and its characteristics enables medical professionals to rapidly make a differential diagnosis and select the appropriate treatment option, thus improving the overall survival of affected women. Nevertheless, epidemiological data collection and knowledge advancement through basic and translational research are crucial to address issues regarding GTN pathophysiology, their origins, and cellular behaviour.
COVID-19 is the current pandemic caused by SARS-COV-2 with high incidence and mortality. The disease is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets. The clinical spectrum of this disease ranges from asymptomatic to fatal. Based on clinical and contact history, cases were defined as suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. This pandemic affects health services including obstetrics and gynecology postoperative services, such as management of the operating room and post-operative care room, monitoring of signs and symptoms, early detection of COVID-19, management of newborns from CS, and follow-up.
Endometriosis is a gynecologic illness that affects women of reproductive age. The presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity distinguishes it. Pelvic discomfort and infertility plague the women who are affected. Retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, and induction theory are three main ideas that have been proposed to explain the complex etiology. Endometriosis development is also influenced by genetics and epigenetics. Recent research has focused on the role of oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, which results in a peritoneal cavity inflammatory response. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inflammatory mediators that control cell growth and have harmful effects. They are formed by normal oxygen metabolism. A systematic review was conducted to understand better the many roles of oxidative stress and its role in the development of endometriosis. Iron metabolism, oxidative stress markers (in the serum, peritoneal fluid, follicular fluid, peritoneal environment, ovarian cortex, and eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue), oxidative stress genes, endometriosis-associated infertility, and cancer development have all been studied.
Almost all ovarian cancers are comprised of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Approximately 80% of patients with EOC initially respond to standard cytoreductive therapy and postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. However, due to drug resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), recurrence is almost inevitable. Recently, the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) represents a surprisingly new target in EOC therapy. Inhibitors of PARP have demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of EOC. Studies on Olaparib, in particular, hastened its approval in the USA and Europe. The main topics of this study are the pre-clinical evidence, ongoing clinical studies, recent advancements in PARP inhibitor technology, and their potential future roles in clinical care for EOC patients.
Assessing the fetal heart rate (FHR) is one of the most important aspects of antenatal care and delivery. Fetal heart rate is one indicator of fetal well-being. Assessing FHR can be done by auscultation or by using a cardiotocography (KTG) device, also known as an Electronic Fetal Monitor (EFM). In interpreting the results of the cardiotocography examination, there are two criteria used to interpret the condition of the fetus, namely the criteria issued by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD).
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