The relative importance of fat and lean tissue mass in determining bone mineral mass among postmenopausal women was examined in this 1-year longitudinal study. Fifty postmenopausal Caucasian women entered the study; 45 of them completed a 1-year follow-up. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was employed for measuring total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), fat tissue mass (FTM), lean tissue mass (LTM), and body weight. Results from linear regression analysis using the cross-sectional data (n ؍ 50) of the study indicated that LTM explained a larger percentage of variation in bone mineral mass than did FTM. FTM and LTM were found to be moderately correlated (r ؍ 0.55); when FTM was entered in the same predicting regression models, LTM was a significant predictor ( p < 0.05) of the total and regional BMC, but not BMD. The percent FTM (and inversely %LTM) was correlated with BMD and BMC, but significant correlation was primarily found only for total body BMD (or BMC). Weight was the best predictor of total body BMD and BMC. Longitudinally (n ؍ 45), annual changes in both FTM and weight were significantly associated with annual changes in regional BMD after adjustment for initial bone mineral values ( p < 0.05). We conclude that bone mineral mass is more closely related to LTM than to FTM, while annual changes in regional BMD are more closely correlated with changes in FTM in healthy postmenopausal women. Meanwhile, increased body weight is significantly associated with increased bone mineral mass. (J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:144-151)
Most of the residents of Heliconia, Colombia, live in a continual state of malnutrition characterized by a lack of protein and a n excess of carbohydrate in the diet. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are frequently observed when such dietary imbalances occur. These conditions are seen in Heliconia, but even when the recognized symptoms of clinical malnutrition are absent, there are long-term morphological changes associated with protein deficiency.In the present study, interest is centered on the relative effects of protein deficiency on the skeletal maturation of apparently healthy boys and girls. Incidental comparisons of clinically-diagnosed Kwashiorkor and Marasmus patients with each other and with non-affected controls are also made. It is seen that skeletal maturation in early life is delayed in almost all Heliconia children when compared to U.S. standards. Female controls appear to experience a form of catch-up growth beginning in the preadolescent period, while male controls appear more severely retarded throughout adolescence. The result is a reduction in stature most pronounced in boys and a concomitant reduction in sexual dimorphism for overall body size. The Kwashiorkor-and Marasmusaffected children show a more severe retardation of skeletal growth with no significant sex differencc in their response.
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