SummaryThis study among a sample of 207 general practitioners (GPs) uses a ®ve-year longitudinal design to test a process model of burnout. On the basis of social exchange and equity theory, it is hypothesized and found that demanding patient contacts produce a lack of reciprocity in the GP±patient relationship, which, in turn, depletes GPs' emotional resources and initiates the burnout syndrome. More speci®cally, structural equation analyses con®rmed thatÐboth at T1 and T2Ðlack of reciprocity mediates the impact of patient demands on emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion, in turn, evokes negative attitudes toward patients (depersonalization), and toward oneself in relation to the job (reduced personal accomplishment). Moreover, this process model of burnout was con®rmed at T2, even after controlling for T1-scores on each of the model components. Finally, T1 depersonalization predicted the intensity and frequency of T2 patient demands, after controlling for T1 patient demands. This major ®nding suggests that GPs who attempt to gain emotional distance from their patients as a way of coping with their exhaustion, evoke demanding and threatening patient behaviors themselves. The theoretical and practical implications of these ®ndings are discussed.

This study used a representative sample of 507 general practitioners (GPs) to test the hypothesis that burnout is contagious. Following a two-dimensional conceptualization of burnout, it is assumed that burnout is comprised of emotional exhaustion and negative attitudes (i.e., depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment). We hypothesized that perceived burnout complaints among colleagues and susceptibility to emotional contagion would make an independent contribution to explaining variance in negative attitudes through their influence on emotional exhaustion. The findings of a series of LISREL-analyses support this burnout contagion model. In addition, susceptibility to the emotions expressed by others had a moderating effect on the relationship between perceived burnout complaints among colleagues and individual GPs' emotional exhaustion: Burnout contagion was most pronounced among those GPs who were, in general, highly susceptible to emotional stimuli. These findings, as well as possible routes to burnout contagion are discussed in terms of recent theoretical work on emotional contagion."Miss Jones gradually became more discouraged, so that by the end of the first week she was sharing the feelings and attitudes of the other staff members and functioning in the same ineffective way"

Among second-generation Turks and Moroccans, mail surveys seem most suitable to measure mean and excessive alcohol use. However, interviews held by Dutch interviewers seem to be the most appropriate method to study the prevalence of alcohol use during the previous 6 months.

Differential construal and explanation for false consensus and false uniqueness effects Bosveld, W.; Koomen, W.; van der Pligt, J.; Plaisier, J.W. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsReceived: May 14,1994; revised: February 23,1995; accepted: February 23,1995 As shown by Gilovich (1990), the False Consensus Effect (FCE, i.e., people's tendency to relatively overestimate the commonness of their own position) can be the result of differential construal. The question addressed in the present research was whether differential construal results not only in a FCE but also in a False Uniqueness Effect (FUE, i.e., the relative underestimation of one's position). This may be due Co the match or mismatch between the positive or negative construal of a category and expectations associated with reference groups. Results of Study 1 showed that FCE's occurred for an ingroup and an outgroup for which expectations matched positive construais. A FUE occurred in estimates for an outgroup for which expectations matched negative construais. Study 2, using a different design, replicated these findings r< iw Academic Press.

Selective exposure and the false consensus effect: The availability of similar and dissimilar others Bosveld, W.; Koomen, W.; van der Pligt, J.

In alcohol research special attention should be paid to second-generation Turks and Moroccans. Although it is probably easier to conduct alcohol studies in this group than in first-generation Turks and Moroccans, quantitative research is needed to test the hypothesis that written questionnaires elicit more reliable answers about alcohol use than face-to-face interviews. Furthermore, the influence of ethnic matching on response and data quality should be tested further.

This study examined religious, cultural and social cognitive predictors of alcohol use among second-generation Turks and Moroccans in The Netherlands. Data were obtained from an experimental study in which 189 Turks and 166 Moroccans responded to a mailed questionnaire and 111 Turks and 116 Moroccans responded to a face-to-face interview. Logistic and linear regression models examined religious, cultural and social cognitive correlates of alcohol use, adjusting for data collection mode and relevant sociodemographic factors. Additional regression models examined interaction effects with ethnicity. Both religious (practising Islam and having traditional religious beliefs) and cultural factors (not feeling accepted in Dutch society) were related to drinking. However, data seem to indicate that social cognitive factors i.e. the influence of family members and Turkish/Moroccan friends (both their drinking behaviour and their opinions about alcohol use) and alcohol expectancies were more important in predicting alcohol use among second-generation Turks and Moroccans.

The present study investigates The authors wish to thank Inez Herrenbrugh for her kind assistance in carrying out this research and John Drury for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript.