ResumenLas anormalidades pigmentarias en aves han adquirido mayor importancia e interés entre la comunidad ornitológica; sin embargo, resulta necesario contar con una herramienta de diagnóstico apropiada que brinde los criterios para lograr un sistema de identificación entre los distintos tipos de anormalidades. Para ello, proponemos una clave dicotómica para su identificación en campo con base en terminología obtenida de literatura especializada y una asociación de caracteres fenotípicos de aves. También, reportamos la presencia de anormalidades pigmentarias en la coloración corporal y de plumaje de cinco especies de aves que han sido observadas de forma ocasional en áreas perturbadas por impacto antropogénico en Tamaulipas, México: melanismo en la tortolita mexicana (Columbina inca), aberración ino en la paloma turca (Streptopelia decaocto), aberración ino en el correcaminos norteño (Geococcyx californianus), leucismo parcial en el pijuy (Crotophaga sulcirostris) y leucismo parcial en el tordo de ojo rojo (Molothrus aeneus). Las evidencias de casos actuales sugieren un aparente aumento de especies en vida libre con variación en la pigmentación. Las causas que lo provocan aún son discutibles, por lo cual, relacionar qué factores naturales o artificiales están involucrados en estos padecimientos podrá contribuir a determinar su origen y detectar problemas a nivel de poblaciones. La clave dicotómica propuesta en la identificación de anormalidades pigmentarias puede ser una herramienta continua en contextos modernos, si se unifica la terminología empleada.Palabras clave: Aberraciones cromáticas, coloración atípica, melanina, carotenos, leucismo, albinismo. AbstractColor abnormalities in birds have been receiving increasing attention within the ornithological community. However, it is important to create an appropriate tool to provide criteria to allow the accurate identification of the different types of abnormalities. Towards this end we have developed a dichotomous key for field identification of common abnormalities based on the termino logy on the scientific literature and visible phenotypic characteristics of the birds. In addition, we report on color abnormalities in the body and plumage of five species of birds observed in anthropogenically disturbed areas in Tamaulipas, Mexico: melanism in the Inca Dove (Columbina inca), ino in the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), ino in the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), leucism in the Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris), and partial leucism in the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus). Evidence of current cases suggest a significant increase in free-living species with variation in pigmentation. The causes that trigger it are still disputable, therefore, to relate which natural or man-made factors are involved in these conditions will help determine its origin and to detect problems on a population level. This dichotomous key proposed for the identification of abnormalities in pigmentation can be a continuous tool in modern research, st...
SummaryAn early response of plants to environmental signals or abiotic stress suggests that the phospholipid signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in these mechanisms. The phospholipid signaling cascade is one of the main systems of cellular transduction and is related to other signal transduction mechanisms. These other mechanisms include the generation of second messengers and their interactions with various proteins, such as ion channels. This phospholipid signaling cascade is activated by changes in the environment, such as phosphate starvation, water, metals, saline stres, and plant-pathogen interactions. One important factor that impacts agricultural crops is metal-induced stress. Because aluminum has been considered to be a major toxic factor for agriculture conducted in acidic soils, many researchers have focused on understanding the mechanisms of aluminum toxicity in plants. We have contributed the last fifteen years in this field by studying the effects of aluminum on phospholipid signaling in coffee, one of the Mexico's primary crops. We have focused our research on aluminum toxicity mechanisms in Coffea arabica suspension cells as a model for developing future contributions to the biotechnological transformation of coffee crops such that they can be made resistant to aluminum toxicity. We conclude that aluminum is able to not only generate a signal cascade in plants but also modulate other signal cascades generated by other types of stress in plants. The aim of this review is to discuss possible involvement of the phospholipid signaling pathway in the aluminum toxicity response of plant cells.
ObjectiveAluminum toxicity is a major limiting factor with regard to crop production and quality in most acidic soils around the world. We propose the use of C. arabica L. protoplasts to evaluate the toxic effects of aluminum, the nuclear localization of aluminum and propensity of aluminum to cause DNA damage.ResultsAfter protoplasts were exposed to aluminum (Al) for varying periods of time (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min), we detected a reduction in protoplast viability. Additionally, we observed a rapid decline in the ability of protoplasts to synthesize DNA following exposure to Al for 30 min. Furthermore, DNA damage was observed after 10 min of treatment with Al.ConclusionsProtoplasts can be used to evaluate the effects of Al upon entry into the cell, which affects the structure of the nucleus. These results indicate that protoplasts provide a useful model for the study Al toxicity at the cellular level.
Wild piquin pepper fruits are consumed and traded because of their flavor, nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. The heterogeneous germination of its seeds has caused pregermination treatments to be unstandardized. Because of that, our goal was to evaluate pregermination treatments of piquin pepper seeds from a wild plant from the municipality of Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, consisting of immersion for different periods (2, 24, 48 h) in solutions with variable concentrations of the growth regulators naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 0.1, 1.0, 2.5 mM), salicylic acid (SA; 1.0, 5.0, 10 mM), gibberellic acid (GA3, 1.0, 5.0, 10 mM), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mM), the commercial product Biozyme (Bioz) containing minerals and growth regulators (Bioz; 0.5, 1, 2%), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4; 2, 5, 10%) in a completely randomized design, using distilled water as the control. For each treatment, we measured the imbibition ratio, germination percentage, time to obtain 50% germination (T50), and coefficient of variation of germination time (CVt). Our results showed that the imbibition was similar in the control and the treatments, but it differed between treatments. The highest imbibition recorded in 48 h was 87%. The highest germination percentage (79.2%) was achieved with 2 h immersion in 2% Bioz, followed by 1 mM NAA (62%) and 5 mM SA (56%). T50 and CVt were 10-26 d and 0-39%, respectively. According to our results, we concluded that the pregermination treatments we assayed improved the physiological potential for the germination of piquin pepper seeds.
Ferocactus pilosus [(Galeotti ex Salm-Dyck) Werdermann] es una cactácea conocida como biznaga, la cual muestra crecimiento lento y se encuentra catalogada como una especie en riesgo de extinción. El objetivo del presente estudio fuel el realizar un ensayo in vitro con el fin de estudiar el efecto de tratamientos químicos y reguladores de crecimiento, como promotores de la germinación de semillas colectadas en dos años consecutivos. Los productos químicos que se estudiaron fueron el H2SO4 y H2O2 y como los fitoreguladores AG3, AIA y ANA, bajo diferentes tiempos de inmersión y concentración, respectivamente. La asignación de tratamientos fue bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Durante 30 días se registró número de semillas germinadas cada 2 días y se determinó la germinación estándar. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estudiar el efecto de los factores de estudio sobre la proporción de semillas germinadas. La germinación estándar de la biznaga es 82% con el tratamiento H2SO4, mientras que la germinación de la semilla inicia entre 2 y 6 días después de la siembra en ambos años y la fase logarítmica representativa se tiene entre 8 y 20 días con H2SO4 en 2015. Las semillas de biznaga muestreadas el año 2016 muestran mayor lentitud para cubrir la fase inicial de la germinación, cubierta en 16 días. La aplicación de H2SO4 acortó 4 días el tiempo de germinación y aumentó 82% la germinación estándar, mientras que el H2O mantuvo constante la germinación estándar (±50%) y el tiempo de respuesta de la germinación se localizó entre 6 y 10 días de la siembra in vitro.
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