Global increases in air pollutant levels have always existed as a major health concern, however, it is only with research conducted in the last decade that new modes of action for these pollutants to harm have surfaced. Alongside the already established inhalation route, dermal absorption is now believed to be an additional route for various pollutants to enter internal systems and inflict damage, the mechanisms of which are now the focus of many research groups. 1,2 The World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 report states that 91% of the world's population live in areas where the air quality exceeds WHO air

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