Background: The epidemiology of retinopathy of premature infants (ROP) in Poland is a topic rarely discussed in the literature. Single publications (Pubmed) concern only specific regions of Poland and date back to 2000–2006, which prompted the authors to update Polish epidemiological data. Methods: Data from the 2012–2021 screening tests were analyzed for: diagnosis of ROP, severe ROP and the percentage of ROP undergoing treatment (laser-diode, anti-VEGF, and complications such as retinal detachment). The Polish results were compared with the available data from Europe in the same period. Results: The analysis of the GOCC data confirmed that the prevalence of ROP in Poland for 2016–2019 was 15.1%; in 2012–2021 (15.6%). Polish epidemiological data shows a lower percentage of ROP diagnosis compared to other European countries (15.6% vs. 23.8% in Portugal, 28.3% in the Netherlands, 25.1% in Genoa, Italy, 38% in Florence, Italy). Conclusions: In order to obtain and create an epidemiological database, it is important to undertake activities aimed at a detailed verification of the analyzed parameters and the collection of similar or the same data from all centers in Poland. There is no economic data available on the cost of caring for a child with ROP.

Aim of the study:To present the primary and secondary risk factors for the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), as reported in the literature to date. Material and methods: Analysis of scientific papers and articles available in the PubMed, Google Scholar and UpToDate databases devoted to the study of risk factors involved in the development of retinopathy in premature infants, with attention given to the WIN-ROP and G-ROP algorithms used in ophthalmic screening tests. Conclusions:The best documented risk factors with a direct impact on ROP include low birth weight and preterm birth, low IGF-1 level, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal sepsis, while factors with an indirect impact on the development of ROP comprise bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, apnea of prematurity, and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

This article is a review of the contemporary literature on the possibility of using modern ophthalmological diagnostics, such as optical coherence tomography and electrophysiological tests, in the assessment of changes in eyesight correlating with inflammatory changes in the central nervous system (CNS) as one of the risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders in children with ASD. A significant role is attributed to the activation of nerve and glial cells, as well as inflammatory changes in the brain, both of which can be of great importance in regard to an autism development predisposition. This fact indicates the possibility of using certain ophthalmic markers to depict an early correlation between the CNS and its outermost layer, i.e., the retina. A comprehensive ophthalmological assessment, and above all, characteristic changes in the functional function of photoreceptors and disorders of the structures of the retina or optic nerve fibers found in the latest OCT or ERG tests may in the future become diagnostic tools, further confirming the early characteristics of autism in children and adolescents. The above information, therefore, emphasizes the importance of cooperation between specialists in improving the diagnosis and treatment of children with autism.

Introduction: Global predictions indicate that the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is increasing, but the lack of current epidemiological data on the occurrence of ROP in Europe prompted the authors to update these data. Methods: European studies related to the presence of ROP were analyzed, and the reason for the differences in the percentage of ROP and different screening criteria were checked. Results: The study presents results from individual and multiple centers. Current ROP incidence data varies from a low of 9.3% in Switzerland to the highest values of 64.1% in Portugal and 39.5% in Norway. The national screening criteria are used in the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden. Uniform criteria—Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health guidelines are used in England and Greece. American Academy of Pediatrics screening guidelines are used in France and Italy. Conclusions: The epidemiology of ROP in European countries varies significantly. The increase in the diagnosis and treatment rate of ROP in recent years correlates with the narrowing of diagnostic criteria in newly issued guidelines (which include the WINROP and G-ROP algorithms), a higher number of less developed preterm infants, and a lower percentage of live births.

The purpose of this publication is to present an extremely rare case of Sjögren’s pigment epithelial reticular dystrophy. So far, 10 such publications have been found in world literature. A 16-year-old boy was diagnosed due to a slight loss of visual acuity, confirmed in static perimetry/24-2/. Abnormal dense clusters of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells forming a reticular network pattern (resembling a fishing net) with marked knots were detected by fundoscopy in the macular area and the mid-periphery of the retina. No abnormalities were found in the anterior segment, intraocular pressure, kinetic perimetry, Ishihara or Farnsworth D-15 tests or OCT. Fluorescein angiography confirmed blocked fluorescence from the choroidal vessels caused by the pigment in RPE. An autofluorescence test showed hypofluorescent foci corresponding to symmetrical and bilateral retinal hyperpigmentation with an RPE reticular pattern. Multifocal ERG (mfERG) revealed slight cone photoreceptor and bipolar bioelectrical dysfunction. Electrooculography (EOG) showed significant asymmetry (Arden Ratio 1.8), suggesting bioelectrical dysfunction of RPE/photoreceptors. Flash ERG (ERG) revealed only slight increase in implicit time of the a and b waves of the rod and cone responses and exclude cone-rod dystrophies. This article highlights the importance of the results of ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, autofluorescence, mfERG, fERG, EOG and genetic tests for Sjögren’s reticular dystrophy with a pathogenic variant in the region of the C2 gene-c.841_849+19del (dbSNP rs9332736).