Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid in fish nutrition. The present study addressed the practical application of examining published data on fish nutrition over the past 20 years, emphasizing the topic of taurine by using computational tools and their applications. According to the published articles, an increased linear growth of research occurred, with Japanese flounder being the most examined fish species. Dietary taurine supplementation has several beneficial effects in fish nutrition, such as survival, growth, feed utilization, protein and energy retention, intermediate metabolism, anti-oxidation, anti-stress, disease resistance, muscle texture and reproductive performance. Also, there are negative effects in some species. Dietary taurine exerted effects on several gene expressions and enzyme activities; these are important in taurine metabolism in fish. These genes and enzymes included taurine transporter (TauT), cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO), cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase (CSD) and pretrypsinogen (Ptry). Plant protein-based diets with taurine supplementation are recommended because of the absence of taurine in plant protein.
Japanese flounder juveniles (initial body weight: 7.12 ± 0.02 g) were fed three diets containing 0, 120 and 200 g/kg of carbohydrates (C0, C120 and C200, respectively) for 10 weeks. Results showed that higher dietary carbohydrate intake enabled further deposition of glycogen and lipids in liver and muscle. The mRNA levels of glucokinase (gck), phosphofructokinase (pfkl) and hexokinase (HK) activity involved in glycolysis were significantly up‐regulated in C120 (p < .05) but showed no further up‐regulation except for gck in C200. Besides, the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (pck1) mRNA levels were down‐regulated significantly in fish fed the C120 (p < .05). However, further increase in dietary carbohydrate levels increased the mRNA levels and activities of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and lipolysis (p < .05). Additionally, plasma glucose remained unchanged in C120 (p > .05) but significantly increased in C200 group (p < .05). In conclusion, Japanese flounder was able to use carbohydrates efficiently through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism when dietary carbohydrate was not higher than 120 g/kg, while 200 g/kg of dietary carbohydrate caused the deregulation of glucose homoeostasis.
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