This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effect of an aqueous extract Red Roselle calyx (RE), Chlorhexidine (CH), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (ACA), Tetracycline (Tet), and Metronidazole (Met)on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria. The bacterial inhibition zones (BIZ)of the RE (25, 50, 75, 100) mg/ml and CH solutions (0.2%, 2%) were determined using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the susceptibility of the tested bacteria against (30 μg) of standard antibiotics of ACA, Tet, and Met was examined. The bacterial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured using the Broth Micro dilution method (BMDM). All tests were carried out in triplicates, and water was considered the negative control. For S. mutans, the RE at 50 mg/ml or above concentrations displayed higher BIZ than 0.2% CH. 100 mg/ml of RE recorded a greater BIZ than the 2% CH. The greater BIZ against S. mutans was recorded by Tet. A comparable effect was found with 0.2% CH (75, 100) mg/ml of the RE against S. aureus. Greater BIZ for S. aureus and E. faecalis were reported for 100 mg/ml RE compared to the Tet and Met RE at 100 mg/ml inhibited the E. faecalis growth in a zone size comparable to the CH (0.2%, 2%).The RE with 50,100 mg/ml concentrations showed comparable antimicrobial effect to 0.2%, 2% concentrations of CH, respectively. As an herbal substitute for commercial disinfectants, the RE can be considered an effective final endodontic irrigant and dental mouthwash.
Our current research includes the manufacture of silver nanoparticles in a biological way, and their use in treating one of the diseases that affects teeth, which is the root canal necrosis. These nanoparticles act as an antibiotic that prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi at the site of caries that occurred in the dead root canal, and thus acts as a treatment for such and other pathological conditions caused by microbes to the teeth, which consequently lead to periodontitis. Infections on periodontal tissue due to root canal decay represent a natural response to biological defense, which is affected by the presence of microbial activity at the site of infection. The inflammatory response model is the same in any other part of the human body. Therefore, this inflammation is able to cause harmful consequences in the area around the decayed root canal that has not been properly treated when the filling is imprecise. The microorganisms that were diagnosed from the isolates that were taken from the place of decay are (Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus sp., Candida sp., Actinomyces sp., Actinobacillus sp., Bacillus sp.), in different proportions (37.6 %, 18 %, 16.4 %, 12.8 %, 9.5 %, 5.7 %), respectively. And after the process of producing silver nanoparticles, it was used in vitro to inhibit the growth and kill of these types of microorganisms, and thus eliminate inflammation originating in the root canal through the validity of using these nanoparticles as an irrigation agent or sealer in endodontics and an oral antiseptic in the form of an oral rinse, or any other method chosen by specialists in preventing the growth of microbes at the site of infection.
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