The research covers the years 2004-2018. Data analysis techniques include dynamic indices, correlation analysis and internationalisation index. Findings: The results demonstrate that for the development of the analysed sector in recent years export sales proved more important than the level and dynamics of domestic consumption. In terms of the internationalisation structure of the dairy sector, a high position of cheeses and cottage cheese can be observed as the main, in terms of value, product group in exports. Among negative tendencies, there are high dynamics of foreign sales of unprocessed products, poor promotion of Polish brands on foreign markets, and accepting sales without own brand. This area exhibits a clear potential for further development of the sector. Practical Implications: The findings give us an interesting signal for building strategies for the internationalisation of the Polish dairy sector, both in terms of institutional support and business decisions. Originality/Value: The study provides recommendations for the dairy sector in Poland needed to boost the quality of export-oriented product groups. Dairy sector companies must attentively observe the market and boost internal demand to better compete with imported products.
Institutional efficiency of local governments can be defined as permanent readiness to shape economic and social partnerships with both entrepreneurs and local residents, as well as a capacity to provide prompt and competent responses to expectations of business people willing to start or already conducting business in a given municipality. Evaluation of efficiency pertains to the ability of a local government to express its goals, to agree about these goals with the local community and to be efficient in making decisions. The results of international studies demonstrate that in the long run the quality of institutions determines the wealth of individual countries. Socio-economic development depends not only on the economic base and financial support opportunities but also on factors that involve institutions. Bearing above in mind the main purpose of this article was to diagnose the type, direction and extent of interactions between the level of development and institutional efficiency of local governments in Poland. To reach it, the research team used both secondary data (from public statistics) and original data (acquired through a survey study comprising 1,120 representatives of local authorities). The level of efficiency of local governments was assessed with a synthetic measure of efficiency (EFF), whereas development was measured with a synthetic development index (DEV). The results show that the local governments were in a rather unfavorable situation in terms of both efficiency and development. In both cases, the average value of the synthetic measure applied reached a value equal to 30% of the highest possible score. Research proved that there was a correlation relationship between EFF and DEV measures (r = 0.365). In addition, it turned out that the power of impact of development processes resulting in some improvement of efficiency is more intensive than the effect of efficient functioning of municipalities on the development processes that occur within them.
Research background: In the last decade, the importance of institutions in determining economic processes and the economic growth is increasingly emphasized. Only a few papers deal with the efficiency of institutions, especially at a local level. Thus, a question arises whether the local authorities, in their pursuit of performing the assigned tasks, make every effort to attain a high level of efficiency? Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to determine the relationships between institutional efficiency and identified areas of stability achieved by local governments in their basic roles. Supplementary aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the type of a municipality (urban, rural or mixed urban-rural) and the efficiency and stability of undertaken tasks. A research hypothesis was put forth, assuming that the institutional efficiency of municipal governments depends on the level of stability in basic areas of activity pursued by a given municipality. Supplementary aim of this study was to analyze and assess the relationship between the type of a municipality (urban, rural or mixed urban-rural) and the efficiency and stability of undertaken tasks. Methods: An accumulated synthetic index of institutional efficiency and partial indices of efficiency in five areas: economic and spatial, financial, administrative, human resources management in municipal offices, provision of social, cultural and educational services, were derived from data acquired from public statistics (Local Data Bank) and from direct investigations conducted in 2015/2016 in 1220 municipalities out of 2479 ones present in Poland. The method for obtaining the index was linear ordering of multi-feature objects. Findings & Value added: The analyses have confirmed the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between the institutional efficiency of local governments and stability of the tasks they performed. These dependences varied in individual provinces of Poland. It is more beneficial for local governments to raise stability by attaining some improvement in these areas where it is low, but not at the expense of those areas where it is high. A specific group of municipalities consisted of urban-rural communities. Their complex and diverse structure must meet the challenge of performing their tasks in specific conditions (urban and rural areas).
The aim of the article is to analyse and assess the concentration of non-agricultural activities in Poland as an element of the alternative use of agricultural real estate. A detailed analysis will cover the spatial aspect of the concentration of the conducted activity. In order to determine the concentration, the location quotient (LQ) was used. The article used the current data of the Central Statistical Office regarding the characteristics of agricultural holdings in Poland in 2016. While the income from non-farm businesses conducted by farmers reached 15.2 % of farms' total income on average for whole Poland, certain diversity can be seen among provinces. It is worth emphasising that for as many as 49.2 % of agricultural holdings conducting non-farm businesses, the revenues derived from such economic activity make up more than 50 % of the total income. In particular regions, however, the share of such farms was varied, yet remaining on a relatively high level, i.e. between nearly 40 % to 58.2 %, in all the country. The significantly greater diversity of the economically largest farms was not accompanied by greater differences in the concentration of farms gaining income from non-agricultural businesses.
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