Drug behavior in undercooled melts is highly important for pharmaceutics with regard to amorphous solid dispersions, and therefore, categories were recently introduced that differentiate glass formers (GFs) from other drugs that are nonglass formers (nGFs). The present study is based on the assumption that molecular properties relevant for the so-called Prigogine-Defay (PD) ratio would be indicative of a drug's glass-forming ability. The PD ratio depends in theory on the entropy of fusion and molar volume. Experimental data were gathered from a broad set of pharmaceutical compounds (n = 54) using differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained entropy of fusion and molar volume were indeed found to significantly discriminate GFs from nGFs. In a next step, the entropy of fusion was predicted by different in silico methods. A first group contribution method provided rather unreliable estimates for the entropy of fusion, while an alternative in silico approach seemed more promising for drug categorization. Thus, a significant discrimination model employed molar volume, a so-called effective hydrogen bond number, and effective number of torsional bonds (or torsional units) to categorize GFs and nGFs (p ≤ 0.0000). The results led to new insights into drug vitrification and to practical rules of thumb. The latter may serve as guidance in pharmaceutical profiling and early formulation development with respect to amorphous drug formulations.

The compatibility of fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) in drug permeation studies employing the phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay (PVPA) model was confirmed by a set of different integrity indicators. Neither calcein permeability nor electrical resistance were found significantly changed indicating unaffected barrier tightness. Furthermore, the release of phospholipid from the barriers in contact with FaSSIF was negligible, although sodium taurocholate disappeared from the donor - possibly due to transfer into the barrier. Visual examination of the barrier structure by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed no changes. The model drugs, cimetidine, nadolol, ketoprofen and griseofulvin showed either slightly enhanced or unchanged permeability values in the presence of FaSSIF. This may be attributed to micellar encapsulation and/or slight changes in barrier characteristics. Particularly for poorly soluble drugs, FaSSIF appeared favourable in terms of markedly improved recovery. Moreover, utilisation of BSA in the receiver compartment seems to augment this beneficial effect on recovery rate. It is likely that this experimental set-up affords better sink conditions in the receiver phase, which results in higher fluxes. Overall, a combination of FaSSIF in the donor phase and BSA in the receiver phase facilitates improved experimental output.

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