BACKGROUND: Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actural or potential tissue damage. Cognitive impairment can occur due to various processes in the brain, one of which resulted from chronic pain. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotropin that plays a role in mediating disinhibition in the excitability of the motor cortex of the brain and inhibitory function in descending pain pathways. Chronic pain of periodontitis causes systemic inflammation that activates microglia resulting in degeneration of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and affects cognitive function, especially spatial memory. AIM: The objectives of this study were to determine the correlation between BDNF levels, spatial memory, and histopathology of hippocampus on periodontitis Wistar rats. METHODS: This observational prospective study was conducted between January and April 2022 at Laboratory Negeri Semarang University. Frontal inferior teeth ligation of Wistar rats was carried out to induce periodontitis for 4 weeks. Chronic pain was assessed using Rat Grimace Scale. Morris water maze (MWM) adaptation was applied for 4 weeks and then BDNF levels, spatial memory, and histopathology of hippocampus were investigated. T-test independent and spearman correlation test were used to data analysis. RESULTS: Among 12 rats, the mean of BDNF levels, spatial memory, and histopathology of hippocampus score were 7.57 ng/mL, 65.08 second, and 3, respectively. There were significant relationships between BDNF levels (p = 0.028), spatial memory (p = 0.001), and histopathology of hippocampus score (p = 0.017) on Wistar rats with chronic pain. Strong correlation (r = −0.721, r2 = 0.52, p = 0.004) between BDNF levels and spatial memory, and moderate correlation (r = −0.597, p = 0.02) between BDNF levels and histopathology of hippocampus score was obtained. There was no significant correlation between spatial memory and histopathology of hippocampus score. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between BDNF levels, spatial memory, and histopathology of hippocampus on periodontitis Wistar rats.
Background:The implication of nanotechnology includes silver nanoparticles to medical sciences, and has a revolutionary impact on therapeutic and diagnostics management. Many studies reported that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) application can accelerate the wound healing process. This study aimed to systematically review the biological activities of the silver nanoparticles as a wound healing agent. Subjects and Method: This article was a systematic review study conducted by searching for articles from online databases such as EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, and World Scientific. Populations: laboratory animals; Intervention: green synthesis of silver nanoparticles; Comparison: a standard ointment for wounds such as povidone-iodine, etc; Outcome: wound healing. The independent variable is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the dependent variable is wound healing. The inclusion criteria for this study were full articles using an experimental study, with the publication year until 2022. The data extraction was focused on the biological activities of silver nanoparticles and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations for systematic reviews. Results: A total of 8 articles reviewed in this study were from countries: Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and China. The green synthesis of AgNPs was accomplished using a natural aqueous extract from leaves such as Azadirachta indica, Tridax procumbens, the combinations of Catharanthus roseus and Azadirachta indica, Scutellaria barbata, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, or cyanobacterial platforms (ex: Phormidium sp., Synechocystis sp, and arthrospira sp polysaccharides). All studies were animal-based experimental with wounds infected with bacteria and inflicted in regards to the experiment. All trials resulted in favor of the AgNPs ointment treated group compared to the untreated group or the standard ointment group. Conclusion: Our review suggested that all studies about the efficacy of AgNPs as wound-healing therapy showed positive results.
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