Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4–20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as ΣDv2/dbh2 and as ΣDh2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle > 45°) and horizontal (angle < 45°) proximal roots. High IRA values (>1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest ‘soil anchoring’. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m−3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was >1.5 kg m−2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.
Forest conversion to agriculture can induce the loss of hydrologic functions linked to infiltration. Infiltration-friendly agroforestry land uses minimize this loss. Our assessment of forest-derived land uses in the Rejoso Watershed on the slopes of the Bromo volcano in East Java (Indonesia) focused on two zones, upstream (above 800 m a.s.l.; Andisols) and midstream (400–800 m a.s.l.; Inceptisols) of the Rejoso River, feeding aquifers that support lowland rice areas and drinking water supply to nearby cities. We quantified throughfall, infiltration, and erosion in three replications per land use category, with 6–13% of rainfall with intensities of 51–100 mm day−1. Throughfall varied from 65 to 100%, with a zone-dependent intercept but common 3% increase in canopy retention per 10% increase in canopy cover. In the upstream watershed, a tree canopy cover > 55% was associated with the infiltration rates needed, as soil erosion per unit overland flow was high. Midstream, only a tree canopy cover of > 80% qualified as “infiltration-friendly” land use, due to higher rainfall in this zone, but erosion rates were relatively low for a tree canopy cover in the range of 20–80%. The tree canopy characteristics required for infiltration-friendly land use clearly vary over short distances with soil type and rainfall intensity.
Post eruption land reclamation consists of hoeing, mixing volcanic ash with soil, adding external organic and/or inorganic fertilizers and making infiltration-pits ('rorak'). This study, after the 2014 eruption of Kelud volcano, aimed to evaluate: (a) soil physico-chemical fertility post eruption, (b) impact of organic inputs interacting with ash in infiltration pits on soil C and N underneath (1 st experiment), (c) biomass loss (decomposition) of local biomass (Trema orientalis and Parasponia andersonii) in a coffee agroforestry system (2 nd experiment). Measurements in the ash-affected (+Ash) Tulungrejovillage (Ngantang-Malang district) were contrasted with an area without recent ash deposits (-Ash) in Krisik (Gandusari-Wlingi district). The 1 st experiment (-Ash site) treatments did not lead to statistically significant influences on soil conditions just below the infiltration pits during 12 weeks of monitoring. The 2 nd experiment quantified rate of biomass loss from litterbags. In +Ash location, litter half-life time (t 50) was 19.5 weeks for coffee or Parasponia as single biomass source to 24 weeks for Coffee+Sengon+Durian. In-Ash location decomposition was slower, with t 50 of 24 weeks for Parasponia to 27 weeks for Coffee+Sengon+Durian biomass. Concentrations of soil NH 4 and NO 3 below the litterbags peaked between 4 to 8 weeks, with nitrification lagging behind on ammonium release.
Infeksi Pneumonia muncul karena adanya invasi mikroorganisme atau virus, bakteri atau jamur pada paru-paru.Umumnya pneumonia ditandai dengan batuk-batuk berdahak dengan sputum kehijauan atau kuning, demam tinggi dan menggigil serta nafas yang pendek. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diperolehnya gambaran kasus pneumonia di wilayah kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Gowa. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa penemuan kasus pneumonia tertinggi pada balita di wilayah Kabupaten Gowa adalah sebesar 57,7% terjadi pada balita laki-laki. Sedangkan sebesar 42,3% ditemukan pada balita perempuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa penemuan kasus pneumonia tertinggi pada balita di wilayah Kabupaten Gowa adalah sebesar 27,5% yang terdapat di Kecamatan Sombaopu. Untuk penemuan kasus terendah pada balita di wilayah Kabupaten Gowa adalah sebesar 0,1% yang terdapat di Kecamatan Bontonompo Selatan. Ditemukan bahwa penemuan kasus pneumonia tertinggi pada balita di wilayah Kabupaten Gowa adalah sebesar 28,3% yang terdapat di Puskesmas Sombaopu. Sedangkan penemuan kasus terendah pada balita di wilayah Kabupaten Gowa adalah sebesar 0,1% yang terdapat di Puskesmas Bontonompo I Kesimpulan masih ditemukan kasus pneumonia dengan jumlah kasus dibawah angka nasional yaitu 2%.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.