Background Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung infections are a major public health concern. Diagnosis of NTM-pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is difficult because its clinical, microbiological, and radiological features resemble to those of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), leading to misdiagnosis. Identification at the species level is essential for diagnosis and determination of therapy, which is currently not performed routinely in Indonesian laboratories. Methodology and principal findings From January 2020 to May 2021, 94 NTM isolates were collected from three TB referral centers in Java Province. Species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Tests were performed to determine antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation ability, sliding motility characteristics, and the ability to adhere to and invade pneumocytes. After identifying the species of all the isolates, we found nine groups of NTMs: M. fortuitum group 51% (48/94), M. abscessus 38.3% (36/94), M. intracellulare 3.1% (3/94), M. neoaurum 2.1% (2/94), M. chelonae 1.1% (1/94), M. gordonae 1.1% (1/94), M. szulgai 1.1% (1/94), M. mucogenicum 1.1% (1/94), and M. arupense 1.1% (1/94). Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic against M. fortuitum group and M. abscessus. The M. fortuitum group was significantly better at forming biofilms than M. abscessus, but both had the same sliding motility capability. The ability of the M. fortuitum group to adhere to and invade pneumocytes was better than that of M. abscessus, with the number isolates of the M. fortuitum group capable of superior adhesion and invasion to that of M. abscessus. Conclusions/Significance This study shows that M. fortuitum group and M. abscessus were the most common NTM found in Java, Indonesia. The M. fortuitum group and M. abscessus were the most susceptible to amikacin; therefore, this was the empirical treatment of choice. The ability to form biofilms is directly proportional to the ability to adhere to and invade pneumocytes but not to the susceptibility profile or sliding motility characteristics.
<p align="center"><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>BSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>: There are many literatures have reported the link between religiosity and health outcomes. Body image come as someones’ perceptions towards their body, also being influenced by religiosity. The aims of this study was to compare body image in adolescents between private (Islamic) and public (mix religion) high schools, beside the similar study in Indonesia have not yet reported. </em></p><p><strong><em>Method</em></strong><em>: This was a cross sectional design study using Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and Duke University Religion (Durel) Index questionnaire. We used purposive sampling for sampling technique. The data collected from one private (I) and one public (II) senior high schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare the BSQ score and Durel index between both schools. </em></p><p><strong><em>Result</em></strong><em>: Total 150 questionnaires were distributed to both schools, only 116 questionnaires filled completely. There was a significant difference in the Durel index between school I (M=25.90, SD=2.82) and II (M= 24.70, SD=1.55); t(114)= 2.84, p=0.005. But there was not a significant difference in the BSQ score between school I (M= 77.00, SD=26.16) and II (M= 79.86, SD=26.67); t(114)=-0.58, p=0.561. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><em>: These results showed that the students who studying in a private senior high school have a higher religiosity compare to those who studying in public senior high school. The higher religiosity in private schools’ gave them lower score on BSQ compare to public schools’, but the mean differences were not statistically significant. </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: body image</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong><em> adolescents</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong><em> body shape</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Religiusitas dan hubungannya dengan <em>outcome</em> kesehatan telah dibahas dalam berbagai studi. Salah satu <em>outcome</em> kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan religiusitas adalah <em>body image</em>. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan <em>body image</em> pada remaja di sekolah menengah atas privat (Islami) dan sekolah umum (berbagai agama). Studi ini di Indonesia masih belum banyak ditemukan publikasinya.</p><p><strong>Metode</strong>: Studi ini adalah studi observasional analitik dengan pendekatan <em>cross sectional</em>. Dua kuisioner digunakan sebagai alat ukur penelitian yaitu <em>Body Shape Questionnaire</em> (BSQ) dan <em>Duke University Religion</em> (Durel) <em>Index questionnaire</em>. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah <em>purposive sampling</em>. Data penelitian didapatkan dari 1 sekolah menengah atas privat (I) dan 1 umum (II) di Surakarta, Indonesia. Untuk analisis data dalam studi ini digunakan <em>Independent-samples t test</em> untuk membandingkan skor BSQ dan Durel index dari dua sekolah tersebut.</p><p><strong>Hasil</strong>: 150 kuisioner didistribusikan kepada remaja di kedua sekolah, hanya 116 kuisioner yang pengisiannya lengkap. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari skor Durel index antara sekolah I (M=25.90, SD=2.82) dan II (M= 24.70, SD=1.55); t(114)= 2.84, p=0.005. Untuk skor BSQ antara sekolah I (M= 77.00, SD=26.16) dan II (M= 79.86, SD=26.67); t(114)=-0.58, p=0.561, ditemukan perbedaan mean, namun tidak signifikan secara statistik.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong>: Hasil dari studi ini dapat menggambarkan bahwa remaja yang bersekolah di sekolah menengah atas privat mempunyai religiusitas yang lebih tinggi daripada di sekolah umum. Remaja di sekolah privat dilihat dari nilai <em>Mean</em>, mempunyai hasil <em>body image</em> yang lebih baik berdasarkan skor BSQ dibandingkan dengan sekolah umum, namun tidak signifikan secara statistik.</p><p><strong>Keywords: <em>body image</em></strong><strong><em>;</em></strong><strong> remaja</strong><strong>;</strong><strong> bentuk tubuh</strong></p>
The prevalence of multimorbidity, the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases, is expected to increase, including in Indonesia. This phenomenon is associated with increased life expectancy and incidence of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study assesses the burden of multimorbidity in Indonesia by sociodemographic factors. The researchers analyzed cross-sectional data from the latest wave of IFLS conducted in 2014, the IFLS wave 5. The researchers included individuals aged 15 and above with blood pressure measurements (n= 32.256) from 13,536 households. Meanwhile, the researchers excluded individuals with missing data on BMI (183 individuals) or who had biologically implausible or extreme values (n=6). The analyses were then conducted on 32,067 individuals. The analyses comprised the ten most common self-reported chronic diseases diagnosis in IFLS-5. The findings revealed that the prevalence of self-reported multimorbidity in Indonesia was relatively high, at 9.32% (n= 2.989), with the highest proportion of multimorbidity reported among the elderly. Approximately 2.76% of the respondents (n- 885) reported having three or more chronic diseases. The most common combinations were hypertension and digestive problem (2.15%, n= 689), followed by hypertension and arthritis (1.79%, n= 574), and hypertension and high cholesterol (1.68%, n= 539). When stratified by sociodemographic factors, the researchers found a higher proportion of multimorbidity among females (11.01%, n= 3,530) compared to males (7.41%, n= 2.376), elderly (21.54%, n= 3.530) compared to younger adults, and previous smokers (20.90%, n= 6.072). People who were obese and overweight also reported a higher prevalence of multimorbidity (13.73%, n= 4.403 and 9.3%, n= 2.998, respectively). In addition, those living in urban areas had a higher proportion of multimorbidity (10.33%, n= 3.313) compared to rural areas (7.2%, n= 2.527). In conclusion, this study uncovered a relatively high prevalence of multimorbidity. People living in urban areas were overweight/obese and those who had low SES had a higher proportion of multimorbidity. With the nature of self-reported data and previously reported underdiagnosis of chronic diseases, screening to examine multimorbidity is needed.
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