Infectious lymphadenitis in small ruminants which caused by broad ranges of microorganismsis worldwide distributed disease, that subsequently causing significant economic losses to animal production industry. Clinical cases of ovine lymphadenopathy in Awasi sheep are described in this research. These cases were recorded separately in the animal's farm of College of Agriculture, University of Basra / Iraq during November 2017. A 2-4year-old Awasi sheep weighing 30-40 kg, presented to the Large Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra with an enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. Surgical removals of the affected lymph nodes were done and samples were processed to histopathological and bacteriological examinations. The sheep were tentatively diagnosed with Infectious lymphadenitis. The present study revealed that the infectious lymphadenitis in Awasi sheep were caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the infected sheep might provide evidence for disease transmission and source of infection in the farm as well as human.
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinico-pathology and haemato-biochemistry alterations in buffaloes inoculated with Pasteurella multocida type B:2 immunogen outer membrane protein via subcutaneous and oral routes. Nine buffalo heifers were divided equally into 3 treatment groups. Group 1 was inoculated orally with 10 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS); Group 2 and 3 were inoculated with 10 mL of outer membrane protein broth subcutaneously and orally respectively. Group 2 buffaloes showed typical haemorrhagic septicaemia clinical signs and were only able to survive for 72 h of the experiment. However, Group 3 buffaloes were able to survive throughout the stipulated time of 21 days of experiment. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the rectal temperature between the experimental and control group. In the hematology and biochemistry findings, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, leukocytes, band neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, gamma glutamyl transferase, total protein, and globulin between Group 2 and control group. In contrast, Group 3 and control group revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in erythrocytes, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, thrombocytes, gamma glutamyl transferase, total protein, globulin, and albumin:globulin ratio. In Group 2 buffaloes, there were gross lesions observed in the lung, trachea, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and submandibulae lymph nodes. In contrast, lesions were only observed in the lung, and liver of Group 3 buffaloes. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in hemorrhage and congestion; necrosis and degeneration; and inflammatory cells infiltration between experimental groups and control group. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in edema between groups except for the lung. This study was a proof that oral route infection of Pasteurella multocida type B:2 immunogen outer membrane protein can be used to stimulate host cell.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is characterized by the development of abscesses, mainly in superficial and internal lymph nodes, visceral and reproductive organs in small ruminants. This study aims to examine the histopathological changes in reproductive organs of goats immunized with killed vaccine of C. pseudotuberculosis. In this study, twenty four (24) clinically healthy bucks and does were divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Animals in groups A and B were immunized with 0.5 and 1% formalin killed vaccine, respectively; followed by a booster dose. After the booster dose of immunization, groups A, B and C were challenged with C. pseudotuberculosis at 106 cfu/ml. Goats in group D were immunize and unchallenged and left as control group. All C. pseudotuberculosis infected animals were euthanized humanely 12 weeks post-challenged. Tissue samples such as testes, epididymis, spermatic cord, penis, pituitary gland, mammary gland, vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovaries were collected for histopathology study. Microscopic examination of all tissues (testes, seminiferous tubules, spermatic cord, penile tissues and the pituitary gland) in the male reproductive organs of the bucks that were inoculated with 2 ml of 0.5% and 1.0% of C. pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine showed normal (animals inoculated with 1.0%) to mild (animals inoculated with 0.5%) histopathological changes when compared with those from group C which showed varying degrees of histopathological changes (p < 0.01) in their various tissues. For the female does, similar histopathological changes were observed for the various tissues examined (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterine horns, uterine tissues, cervix, vaginal, vulva, mammary glands and the pituitary glands) in which the vaccinated groups A &B showed a significantly (p < 0.001) less histopathological changes when compared with those in group C that showed varying degrees of histopathological changes in the reproductive organs investigated. This study showed the efficacy of C. pseudotuberculosis killed vaccine protecting against reproductive tissue damages cause by the active infection with the live bacteria in both bucks and does in the study area.
Eficácia e patologia da vitamina D em humanos e animais domésticosRESUMO A vitamina D é uma vitamina lipossolúvel que envolve principalmente a absorção intestinal de cálcio com a regulação da hemostasia de cálcio/fósforo, formação e remodelação óssea e anti-inflamatório com vantagens de modulação imune. A radiação solar UVB insuficiente e/ou a falta de vitamina D na dieta podem induzir uma deficiência de vitamina D em animais e humanos que se manifesta por falta de apetite e crescimento e, consequentemente, leva a osteomalácia e osteodistrofia. Uma ampla gama de doenças não esqueléticas, doenças neoplásicas, cardiovasculares e autoimunes são atribuídas à deficiência de vitamina D. Esta revisão de literatura apresenta uma visão geral da origem/fonte, metabolismo e ativação, biologia, fisiologia e funções e patologia da vitamina D em animais humanos e domésticos. Tópicos especiais em deficiência de vitamina D, toxicidade e raquitismo também são detalhados nesta revisão. Em conclusão, a manutenção de um nível sérico normal da forma ativa de vitamina D impede a ocorrência de amplas faixas de distúrbios e doenças. Além de aumentar o ganho de peso e o crescimento dos animais em crescimento. Os níveis normais de vitamina D também podem desempenhar um papel crucial como fatores imunomoduladores para tornar os animais e as pessoas resistentes a doenças contagiosas, como septicemia hemorrágica e coronavírus (COVID-19). PALAVRAS-CHAVE:1,25-di-hidroxicolecalciferol, ergocalciferol, raquitismo, deficiência de vitamina D ABSTRACT Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that involved mainly for intestinal absorption of calcium with the regulation of calcium/phosphorus hemostasis, bone formation and remodeling, and anti-inflammatory with immune-modulating advantages. Insufficient solar UVB irradiation and/or lack of vitamin D in diet could induce a deficiency of vitamin D in animals and humans that manifested by poor appetite and growth and consequently leads to osteomalacia and osteodystrophy. A wide range of non-skeletal disorders, neoplastic, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases are attributed to vitamin D deficiency. This current review is presenting an overview of the origin/source, metabolism and activation, biology, physiology and functions, and the pathology of vitamin D in human and domestic animals. Special topics of vitamin D deficiency, toxicity, and rickets are also detailed in this review. In conclusion, maintenance of a normal serum level of active form of vitamin D prevents the occurrence of broad ranges of disorders and diseases. Beside enhance the weight gain and the growth of the growing animals, normal levels of vitamin D may also play a crucial role as immune-modulating factors for making animals and people resistant against contagious diseases such as hemorrhagic septicemia and coronavirus (COVID-19).
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