Fracturing treatments often require massive volumes of silica sand. This sand must be unloaded from transport vehicles into proppant storage vessels, conveyed from the storage vessel to the fracturing blender, and mixed with fluid before being pumped down hole. Silica dust becomes airborne during this process, and onsite personnel can be exposed to that silica dust.In addition to posing a potential health risk if not handled properly or if personal protective equipment (PPE) is not worn, the silica dust can also negatively affect the fracturing equipment. It can lead to premature wear and failure of high-value capital equipment. For example, the dust increases the frequency of engine air filter changes and can plug radiator cores, reducing cooling capacity. Additionally, silica dust is highly abrasive and can cause premature wear on cylinders, bearings, gear sets, shafts, and other moving parts.Vacuum style dust collectors for capturing airborne silica have recently been introduced on some fracturing sites. Personnel exposure to respirable crystalline silica can be reduced and the negative effects on equipment minimized when using these dust collectors. However, one challenge introduced by the use of the collector is the need for packaging and disposal of the captured dust. This paper discusses an apparatus and ergonomic method for packaging and disposing of the dust once it is removed from the air. The apparatus is composed of a plenum chamber formed in a funnel or a frustum configuration that discharges into a distribution assembly. The distribution assembly includes a number of individual chutes, each equipped with a circular collar at the outlet, facilitating the attachment of dust collection sacks. The plenum chamber, distribution chute assembly, and individual dust collection sacks are supported by a frame assembly. This apparatus is used to package the material exiting the dust collector in easily transportable containers.
The effects of the variation of final maximum temperature from 540°to 1000°C. and of rate of heating from 1.4°t o 21.8°C. per minute on the compositions and magnitudes of the yields of products and on the hardnesses of the cokes in the carbonization of a series of three coals of similar type and increasing rank, as well as one coal of intermediate rank but of different type, are reported.In the cases of two of the coals it isshown that the greater part of the changes in magnitude of yields with change in rate of heating is related to the rate of heating used in heating the coal through a limited temperature range, Courtesy, Koppers CompanyCoke in Oven, with Door Removed, Just before Pushing which has been named the "sensitive range," and that this range lies either wholly or in greater part below the plastic ranges of these coals.A theory of the mechanism of carbonization, based on these facts, is presented, PREVIOUS studies of the carbonization of a typical coking coal showed that the yields of solid, liquid, and gaseous products were proportional to the logarithm of the rate of heating (10) and that the effects caused by a change in the rate of heating were determined almost entirely by the rate of heating through a limited temperature range iust below the temperature of initial plasticity of that coal {11).
Water used in fracturing fluids must typically be treated to reduce the concentration of aerobic acid producing bacteria and, more importantly, anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria that can cause a well to go sour. Typically chemical biocides are used to provide the disinfection. However, biocides can interfere with chemical additives in the fracturing fluid and cause equipment damage. Additionally, biocides are toxic chemicals that must be handled carefully and registered with federal and local environmental protection agencies. Some areas strictly regulate which chemicals can be persistent in treatment liquids flowed back from wells. To address the issues associated with the chemical biocides, disinfection via ultraviolet (UV) light has been introduced into hydraulic fracturing operations. The use of UV light can greatly reduce the volume of chemical biocides used and also decreases the biocide concentration in liquids flowed back from a treated well. Early UV equipment treated water as it was placed into storage tanks on the fracturing location. This allowed for possible recontamination from biofilms present in the storage tanks. A new trailer has been placed into operation that treats the water on the fly as it flows from the storage tanks to the fracturing blender. The performance of the UV light equipment has also been improved. The disinfection effectiveness of the UV light system has been verified on site during fracturing treatments using the serial dilution method to measure aerobic and sulfate-reducing bacteria levels, both before and after the UV treatment. The test results prove that bacteria concentration in the fracturing water can be significantly reduced, sometimes to undetectable levels, by UV treatment.
Mr. Co1cl1l-pression'of the briquette, so far as he was aware no such difficulties houn. had occurred in practice, and he believed that the compression could be effected without any such trouble. When the amount of water was considerable it could, of course, be expelled in the press to some extent, if the compression was considerably prolonged.
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