Giant pheochromocytomas are rare silent entities that do not present with the classical symptoms commonly seen in catecholamine-secreting tumors. In many cases they are accidentally discovered. The algorithm to diagnose a pheochromocytoma consists of biochemical evaluation and imaging of a retroperitoneal mass. The female patient in this case report presented with a palpable abdominal mass and was cured with surgical resection. She suffered no recurrence or complications on follow-up. The left retroperitoneal mass measured 27 × 18 × 12 cm and weighed 3,315 grams. Biochemical, radiological, and pathological examinations confirmed the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma. In this paper, we report on our experience treating this patient and provide a summary of all giant pheochromocytomas greater than 10 cm reported to date in English language medical journals. Our patient's giant cystic pheochromocytoma was the fourth heaviest and fifth largest maximal diameter identified using our literature search criteria. Additionally, this tumor had the largest maximal diameter of all histologically confirmed benign/low metastatic risk pheochromocytomas. Giant cystic pheochromocytomas are rare entities requiring clinical suspicion coupled with strategic diagnostic evaluation to confirm the diagnosis.
HighlightsThis is the first reported right accessory spleen laying retro-duodenal reported.This is the second largest accessory spleen reported.Accessory spleen is a possibility in a retroperitoneal tumor differential diagnosis.We present a literature review of the other right accessory spleen cases.
Abstract.Cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon primary malignancy of the biliary tract that is challenging to diagnose and treat effectively due to its relatively silent and late clinical presentation. The present study reports a case of a 60-year-old male with distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with a 3-week history of painless obstructive jaundice symptoms and subjective weight loss. Imaging revealed an obstructing lesion in the common bile duct, just distal to the entrance of the cystic duct. Pathology revealed moderately differentiated cholangiocarcinoma with two positive proximal resection margins. The two positive resection margins presented a challenge during surgery and points to an urgent need for further studies to better illuminate diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with similar clinicopathological presentation. IntroductionCholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an extremely rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor was first described in 1957 (1). They are cancers of the epithelial cells in the extrahepatic or intrahepatic biliary tree of the bile duct from the bile ductules to the Ampulla of Vatar (2-4). CCA is often diagnosed in patients >60 years and the prognosis is poor in the majority of cases (5,6). Furthermore, CCA is often difficult to diagnose and treat due to its growth pattern, silent nature (wherein its symptoms go unnoticed by the patient until the advanced stage), anatomical location, non-specific clinical presentation and limited clinical approaches. CCA is the second most common primary hepatic tumor globally, accounting for 3% of all gastrointestinal tumors, though that rate is increasing (7,8). Worldwide, the highest CCA rates have been reported in Eastern Asia, particularly Thailand, where its high incidence is attributable to liver fluke infection (9). To the best of our knowledge, case reports of distal extrahepatic CCA with two positive resection margins are rare. This is the first reported CCA case from the Caribbean (30 island nations, population, 39.8 million) and more specifically, Trinidad and Tobago (population, 1.3 million). Case reportThe present study presents a case of a distal extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with its imaging and clinicopathological details, as well as the epidemiology of CCA in Trinidad and Tobago. A 60-year-old male non-smoker of African and Indian ethnicity, with no previously known medical conditions presented to the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Champ Fleurs (Trinidad and Tobago) with a 3-week history of painless obstructive jaundice symptoms and subjective weight loss. The patient has a family history of breast, prostate and lung cancer (Fig. 1). The patient's mother and an aunt succumbed to lung and breast cancer, respectively; the patient's father has prostate cancer and several of his uncles have prostate and/or colon cancer.On examination, the patient had icterus and a palpable gallbladder. Complete blood count, renal function and international normalized ratio tests were normal, but his liver function tests were abnormal: Total b...
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