Photodynamic therapy is a binary treatment now accepted in clinic for various malignancies in several countries around the world. Phthalocyanine molecules are second-generation photosensitizers with enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties over those of porphyrins. They have been shown to be phototoxic against a number of cell types and tumor models. A great deal of research has been devoted to the elucidation of their mechanism of action and mode of cell death. The present paper reviews phthalocyanine pre-clinical anti-cancer research with emphasis on phthalocyanine induced apoptosis using a silicon phthalocyanine, Pc4. A brief summary of the latest clinical results using phthalocyanines is presented.
Hohe Antitumor‐Aktivität zeigt das erste sterisch gehinderte (nichtplanare), perhalogenierte Zink‐Phthalocyanin (Pc), [F64PcZn(Aceton)2], im Vergleich zu planarem Zinkperfluorphthalocyanin (siehe Struktur: F grün, N blau, O rot, C grau). Die Perfluorisopropyl‐Substituenten erhöhen die Löslichkeit, stabilisieren die axialen Liganden (wie die koordinierten Acetonmoleküle in der abgebildeten Struktur), verkleinern die HOMO‐LUMO‐Lücke, verändern die Redoxpotentiale und verlängern die Lebenszeit des angeregten Triplettzustandes des neuen Komplexes.
Palladium catalysts offer a rich and highly versatile chemistry for the synthesis of novel porphyrins and phthalocyanines. These mild and flexible reactions have been used extensively in the preparation of interesting porphyrins and phthalocyanines, either in the synthesis of substituted precursors or in the modification of pre-existing macrocycles. For these tetrapyrrolic compounds, metal-mediated reactions such as these offer extensive benefits, which have been taken advantage of in order to add novel substituents, synthesize naturally occurring molecules and prepare multi-macrocyclic arrays. This review gives an overview of the use of palladium catalysts in the synthesis of porphyrins and phthalocyanines along with the applications of some of the compounds prepared.
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