The share of immobile persons, i.e. persons not leaving their homes on a given reporting day, is both a central result and a prime quality indicator of a travel diary survey. The wide range of values for the share of immobiles reported in travel diary and time budget survey literature has motivated this in-depth analysis of the reasons for these disparities. This paper collates available evidence on the share of immobiles in travel diary surveys. The share of these non-travellers (UK), or no-trippers (US), varies greatly between otherwise similar surveys. After analysing both disaggregate and aggregate information, this paper concludes that the share of immobiles should be in the range of 8%–12% for the standard one-day, weekday-only travel diary. The analysis suggests that a substantial share of respondents refuse to participate in a soft way, i.e. by claiming not to have left the house. In its conclusions, the paper sketches new ways to reduce the share of such soft refusers during the interview and to identify them during the analysis. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007Travel behaviour, Immobile, Non-traveller, No-tripper, Response behaviour, Travel diary, Disaggregate analysis, Meta-analysis, Verkehrsverhalten, immobil, Antwortverhalten, Wegetagebuch, disaggregierte Modelle, Meta-Analyse,
Recently an international demonstration project was carried out between SOCIALDATA and the International Association of Public Transport to create awareness of an innovative marketing approach to increasing public transport use called “individualized marketing.” SOCIALDATA undertook a series of experimental projects designed to prove the effectiveness of subjective perceptions, the so-called “soft policies.” The starting point was the recognition that use of public transport is hindered by a lack of experience and motivation to use it. Potential users of public transport were contacted directly with the intent of motivating them to think about their behavior. Then the test groups were thoroughly informed about public transport and selected test candidates were given a (transferable) ticket to use public transport free of charge for one full month. The experiment was extremely successful: use of public transport for the test group nearly doubled. Next a method was developed allowing the management of projects on the scale of several thousand households. The concept was applied in numerous projects, which all showed the positive results of individualized marketing: a significant increase in the use of public transport. Surplus revenue was available to finance the innovative marketing approach, which has led to a measurable image improvement for public transport and its companies. Therefore, individualized marketing has proved to be a quick, cost-effective method to increase areawide public transport patronage.
In times of increasing travel demand, urban transport systems are under continuous stress. Knowledge of the impact of weather on any given day needs to be obtained for efficient operation of the system. Although it is expected that weather-related impacts will not dominate travel demand (e.g., work trips cannot be easily omitted), trips may be delayed or different modes may be chosen. It is well known that transport systems that operate close to capacity react highly nonlinearly to additional demand. Thus, changes in weather might lead to totally different settings for the management of the transport systems. This paper provides evidence of the influence of weather on travel demand for the greater Vienna, Austria, region. Long-term household mobility surveys were used for a descriptive analysis of the influence of weather on travel behavior. Statistical modeling of smaller mobility surveys allowed extrapolation to new situations, as well as an analysis of the joint influence of several variables. Significant evidence was provided that weather had a strong influence on the mobility choices of a large part of the population. The results emphasized that the weather impact depends heavily on the mode and purpose of the trip and the characteristics of the traveler. The results of the study can be used at the aggregate level to predict the impact of weather on traffic demand. This information is important for the management of transport system supply and demand, for ensuring the efficiency of urban transportation systems.
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