Slickwater fracturing can create complex fracture networks in shale. A uniform proppant distribution in the network is preferred. However, proppant transport mechanism in the fracture network is still uncertain, which restricts the optimization of sand addition schemes. In this study, slot flow experiments are conducted to analyze the proppant placement in the complex fracture system. Dense discrete phase method is used to track the particle trajectories to study the transport mechanism into the branch. The effects of the pumping rate, sand ratio, sand size, and branch angle and location are discussed in detail. Results demonstrate that: (1) under a low pumping rate or coarse proppant conditions, the dune development in the branch depends on the dune geometry in the primary fracture, and a high proportion of sand can transport into the branch; (2) using a high pumping rate or fine proppants is beneficial to the uniform placement in the fracture system; (3) sand ratio dominates the proppant placement in the branch and passing-intersection fraction of a primary fracture; (4) more proppants may settle in the near-inlet and large-angle branch due to the size limit. Decreasing the pumping rate can contribute to a uniform proppant distribution in the secondary fracture. This study provides some guidance for the optimization of proppant addition scheme in the slickwater fracturing in unconventional resources.
This study simulates the hydraulic fracturing process based on ABAQUS, and obtains the results of hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation under the influence of multi-parameters. Our research shows that:The effect of reservoir modification increases with the increase of injection rate of fracturing fluid. Under the condition of 8m3/min or above, the fracture can communicate with the fault zone 100m away from the bottom of the well. Under the condition of 10cP, the effect of fracture propagation in formation is good. Under the condition of 50cP, the effect of fracture propagation in fracture zone is good. Under the condition of 200cP, the effect of crack propagation is poor. When the injection volume of fracturing fluid is between 0 and 1440m3, the effect of fracture propagation increases gradually. When the injection volume of fracturing fluid is larger than 1440m3, the contribution of continuous injection become weak. The maximum vertical crustal stress results in the fracture extending to the depth. The maximum horizontal crustal stress results in the horizontal propagation of fractured fractures. This study analyzed the influence of formation parameters and hydraulic fracturing parameters on fracture propagation. It also plays an active role in predicting the effect of hydraulic fracturing.
In order to study the erosion of a pipe wall via a liquid–solid suspension flow, a two-phase flow model combined with an erosion forecasting model for multiparticle impact on horizontal pipe wall surfaces was established in this work on the basis of low-cycle fatigue theory. In the model establishment process, the effects of particle motion and material damage were considered, and a simplified method for predicting horizontal wall erosion was obtained. The calculated results showed that the particles impact the wall at a small angle of most liquid flow velocities, causing cutting erosion damage of the wall. The settling velocity and fluctuating velocity of the particles together determine the radial velocity of the particles, which affects the impact angle of the particles. The cutting erosion caused by the small-angle impact of the particles in the pipe is more likely to cause rapid loss of the wall material. Therefore, the pipe wall is usually evenly thinned.
With the increase of deep wells, high temperature and high pressure wells and complex wells, the demand for logging is also increasing. Wireline logging is an important technical means to obtain downhole data in the process of petroleum testing. This paper establishes a cable mechanics model by analyzing the main influencing factors of the cable force in the inclined well section or the vertical well section. Calculate the lifting power of the tool. Through logging calculation, the force change law of the downhole cable and tool string is obtained when the wellhead pressure changes.
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