Serum response factor (SRF) regulates pro-carcinogenic genes in various cancers, but its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. SRF expression in 70 OSCC samples was detected via immunohistochemistry. Abundant SRF expressed in OSCC tissues was closely associated with tumor metastasis. SRF-overexpressing OSCC cells were constructed to evaluate how SRF affects OSCC cell tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. Overexpressed SRF increased OSCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and invasion in vivo. This promoted EMT, characterized by decreased and increased expression of E- and N-cadherin, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of RNA sequences of transcriptional targets of SRF showed that SRF transactivated the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)/kynurenine-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Kyn-AhR) signaling pathway in OSCC cell lines. Direct SRF binding to the IDO1 gene promoter upregulated transcription, which was detected through chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays. Inhibiting IDO1 or AhR impaired SRF-induced migration and invasion and prevented EMT in OSCC cells. Our results demonstrated that SRF is a critical regulator of the IDO1/Kyn-AhR signaling pathway. This in turn increases OSCC cell migration and invasion by modulating EMT, which, consequently, favors OSCC cell growth and metastasis. We revealed a novel molecular mechanism through which SRF modulates OSCC metastasis. This should provide potential targets or biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis and treatment.
Background The literature is inconsistent on the prevalence and risk factors of urinary retention in patients with cervical cancer. Objective The aim of this study was to review the literature on the prevalence of urinary retention in patients with cervical cancer and consolidate the risk factors. Methods For this meta-analysis, eligible articles published in English or Chinese by December 10, 2021, were systematically searched for and retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ovid-Embase Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus. Prevalence, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for meta-analysis. Results Twenty-five studies were included in the analysis. The pooled overall prevalence was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.21-0.30, I 2 = 95.0%). The identified risk factors were age (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.19), urinary tract infection (UTI) (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.48-7.49), surgical extent (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.27-6.85), and catheter indwelling time (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 2.43-3.87). Conclusions The prevalence of urinary retention in patients with cervical cancer is 0.26. Older age, UTI, longer catheter indwelling time, and a larger surgical extent may increase the risk of urinary retention. Clinicians should identify patients at risk and adopt interventions such as individualized catheter care. Implications for Practice Nursing staff should assess the risk of urinary retention in a patient with cervical cancer according to her age, presence of UTI, surgical extent, and catheterization time. A carefully chosen surgical procedure and interventions such as individualized education, timely catheter removal, treatment of UTI, and rehabilitation should be offered.
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