Driptips play important roles in controlling soil erosion and in the water cycle. The driptips size distribution and the morphology of water droplets on the leaves among rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and intercropping species (Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Flemingia macrophylla and Theobroma cacao) were measured. Driptip-producing experiments were conducted indoors on stabilized leaves of five species with artificially mist spray. In all five foliage species, the diameter of the driptips from rubber leaves was the lowest. Furthermore, the relationship between driptips size and the mean leaf width at 3 mm from the rubber leaf tip was significantly positively correlated. Leaf wettability as measured by water droplets height linearly increase with the total volume of water which dropped on the leaves of all five species. The contact angle of the water droplets and the total volume of the droplet were significantly negatively correlated. Based on physical theory, the kinetic energy of the driptips was calculated by estimating the diameters of the driptip from all five species. The results indicated that it was important to consider the kinetic energy of driptips in selection of intercropping species when constructing rubber-based agroforestry plantations. Understanding the relationship between driptips size and the development of leaf tips (leaf width at 3 mm from the leaf tip) will require more experiments with different leaf inclinations, and the results also confirmed that using the contact angle of water droplets to assess leaf wettability. This study can help to predict canopy water processes, such as canopy water storage and drainage.
Fungi with orchid roots have been increasingly proven to play important roles in orchid growth, spatial distribution, and coexistence of natural communities. Here, we used 454 amplicon pyrosequencing with two different primer combinations to investigate the spatial variations in the community of OMF and endophytic fungi associates within the roots of four co-occurring Habenaria species. The results showed that all investigated Habenaria species were generalists and the different fungi communities may contribute to the spatial separation of the four Habenaria species. Firstly, the fungal OTUs identified in the roots of the four species overlapped but their presence differed amongst species and numerous distinct OMF families were unique to each species. Second, NMDS clustering showed samples clustered together based on associated species and PERMANOVA analyses indicated that fungi communities in the roots differed significantly between the Habenaria species, both for all endophytic fungi communities and for OMF communities. Third, the network structure of epiphytic fungi was highly specialized and modular but demonstrated lowly connected and anti-nested properties. However, it calls for more soil nutrition and soil fungal communities’ studies to elucidate the contribution of habitat-specific adaptations in general and mycorrhizal divergence.
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