Background Health literacy is closely related to health status. Measuring public health literacy levels helps to warn of health status and manage health problems through timely interventions. The items of relevant evaluation tools are complex and numerous in China, and there is no recognized health literacy brief scale for the whole population. To translate the 12-item short-form health literacy scale (HLS-SF12) and test the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 in the Chinese population. Methods The HLS-SF12 was translated into Chinese using the procedures of translation, back translation, and cultural debugging. 10,951 residents were selected by quota sampling method to test the validity and reliability of the scale, and 33 people were selected to retest after 2 weeks. The reliability was tested by using internal consistency coefficient and test-retest reliability. The validity was tested by using confirmatory factor analysis, content validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Results The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.94, and the test-retest reliability was 0.89. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for the three subscales of health care, disease prevention, and health promotion respectively were 0.86, 0.86, 0.87, and the test-retest reliability respectively were 0.91, 0.79, 0.63. The confirmatory factor analysis identified a three factors model and showed nice goodness of fit indices for Chinese HLS-SF12 (GFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97, IFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.07). Conclusion The Chinese version of the HLS-SF12 has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the health literacy of Chinese people.
Sleep quality among college students is affected by numerous factors. Previous studies have linked sleep quality to family dynamics as well as personality. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The aim of this study is to incorporate a moderated mediation model to explore the big five personality traits in mediating the relationship between family dynamics and sleep quality and whether this indirect relationship is modified by only-child status among Chinese undergraduate students. Survey data were collected from a cross-sectional study conducted in Shandong, China and 1022 undergraduate students aged 18–24 were recruited. The mediation and moderated mediation modeling analyses were carried out with the software SPSS PROCESS macro. After controlling for gender and grade, mediation analysis indicated that conscientiousness and agreeableness of the big five personality traits partially mediated the link between family dynamics and sleep quality (β = −0.0093, CI: −0.0178, −0.0018; β = −0.0047, CI: −0.0084, −0.0013), and moderation analysis found only-child status acted as a moderator in the relationship between family dynamics and the agreeableness of the big five personality traits (only child, β = −0.0129, CI: −0.0196, −0.0072; non-only-child, β = −0.0040, CI: −0.0078, −0.0002). Results showed that family dynamics positively predicted sleep quality both directly and indirectly via the conscientiousness and agreeableness of big five personality traits. Only-child status moderated the indirect association between family dynamics and agreeableness of big five personality traits. The current study advanced our understanding of the mechanism underlying the connection between family dynamics and sleep quality and helped to develop intervention measures to improve sleep quality of college students.
Background: Self-medication has become a common phenomenon. Economic factors are important factors that affect the self-medication of residents. This study aimed to investigate the current status of self-medication behaviors in China and explored the related factors affecting considerations associated with medical insurance reimbursement or drug price in self-medication. Methods: A national cross-sectional investigation was conducted among Chinese people over 18 years old under a multi-stage sampling method through a questionnaire, which includes demographic sociological characteristics, self-medication behaviors and scales. The Chi-square test was used to analyze whether the respondents consider medical insurance reimbursement or drug price as an important factor when purchasing over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Logistic regression was used to examine the associated factors of considering medical insurance reimbursement or drug price. Results: In total, 9256 respondents were included in this study; 37.52% of the respondents regarded drug prices as an important consideration, and 28.53% of the respondents attached great importance to medical insurance reimbursement. Elderly respondents who lived in the central region, had medical insurance, and had lower levels of health literacy were more likely to consider the medical insurance reimbursement, while respondents with high monthly family income as well as students were less likely to consider the same issue (p < 0.05). Respondents settled in the central and western regions, students, those without fixed occupations, those who suffered from chronic diseases, or those with lower health literacy were more likely to consider drug prices, while the respondents with bachelor degrees, urban population and high per capita monthly income were less likely to consider the drug prices (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Self-medication behaviors with OTC drugs were prevalent in China, and consideration factors of medical insurance reimbursement or drug prices were related to socio-demographic characteristics and health literacy. There is a need to take measures to reduce the economic burden of self-medication, improve the health literacy of residents and strengthen public health education.
BackgroundHPV vaccine can block the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus and is an important measure to effectively reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, the HPV vaccination rate is still low in China. There are many factors. Therefore, it is important to study the influencing factors to provide basis for promoting the formulation of vaccination strategies.MethodsThis study used a multi-stage sampling method to conduct a face-to-face questionnaire survey on women in different regions of China. The new general self-efficacy scale was used to measure the self-efficacy of the respondents. The short form of family health scale measured their family health. The t-test and binary Logistic regression analysis were used to screen the influencing factors of HPV vaccination. Restricted cubic spline model was used to analyze the influence trend of self-efficacy and family health on HPV vaccination rate.Results(1) The HPV vaccination rate was low, especially in the ≤18 group. The place of residence, capita household income/month, individual self-efficacy and family health had a significant impact on HPV vaccination. (2) The restricted cubic spline model showed that self-efficacy positively promoted HPV vaccination, the correlation strength was statistically significant (χ2 =27.64, P<0.001) and non-linear (χ2 = 12.49, P = 0.0004); The poor family health hindered HPV vaccination, and the association strength was statistically significant (χ2 = 47.81, P < 0.001) and non-linear (χ2 = 9.96, P = 0.0016).ConclusionIt is necessary to strengthen the health education of HPV vaccination knowledge in the population to eliminate the hesitancy of vaccination. Free HPV vaccination strategies should be developed and encourage people of appropriate age to receive as early as possible. Self-efficacy and family health should be enhanced to increase HPV vaccination rate, so as to achieve the goal of reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and protecting women's health.
Background Non-smoking college students are starting to smoke in increasing numbers, which shows that their tobacco control situation seems not optimistic. The UTAUT and e-HL are commonly used models and theories to predict health behaviors, while there are few studies on tobacco control. This paper aims to study the influencing factors of tobacco control intention and behavior of non-smoking college students in China by combining the UTAUT and e-HL. Methods Based on the stratified sampling method, 625 college students from 12 universities were selected. Data were collected using a self-made questionnaire designed based on the UTAUT and e-health literacy scales. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and AMOS 26, including descriptive statistics, one-way variance analysis and structural equation model analysis. Results The results of one-way variance analysis showed that there were significant differences in the score of non-smoking college students’ tobacco control intention or behavior by hometowns, monthly living expenses, and parents' smoking history. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence had direct positive effects on behavioral intention. Facilitating condition, behavioral intention had direct positive impacts on use behavior and e-HL had an indirect positive impact on use behavior. Conclusions The combination of the UTAUT and e-HL can be used as an appropriate framework to predict the influencing factors of non-smoking college students' intention and behavior of tobacco control. Improving performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and e-HL among non-smoking college students, creating positive social environments, and providing facilitating condition are key aspects of increasing their tobacco control intention and behavior. It is also beneficial to promote the implementation of smoke-free campus and smoke-free family projects.
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