An oriented titanium-nickel oxide composite nanotubes coating was in situ grown on a nitinol wire by direct electrochemical anodization in ethylene glycol with ammonium fluoride and water for the first time. The morphology and composition of the resulting coating showed that the anodized nitinol wire provided a titania-rich coating. The titanium-nickel oxide composite nanotubes coated fiber was used for solid-phase microextraction of different aromatic compounds coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The titanium-nickel oxide composite nanotubes coating exhibited high extraction capability, good selectivity, and rapid mass transfer for weakly polar UV filters. Thereafter the important parameters affecting extraction efficiency were investigated for solid-phase microextraction of UV filters. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1-300 μg/L for target UV filters with limits of detection of 0.019-0.082 μg/L. The intraday and interday precision of the proposed method with the single fiber were 5.3-7.2 and 5.9-7.9%, respectively, and the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility ranged from 6.3 to 8.9% for four fibers fabricated in different batches. Finally, its applicability was evaluated by the extraction and determination of target UV filters in environmental water samples.
A novel porous sponge-like zinc-zinc oxide (Zn-ZnO) coating was directly prepared on an etched stainless steel wire substrate as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber via previous electrodeposition of a robust ZnO coating. The scanning electron micrograph of the Zn-ZnO coated fiber exhibits a porous spongy nanostructure with a large surface area. The SPME performance of the prepared fiber was investigated for the concentration and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates and ultraviolet (UV) filters by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPLC-UV). It was found that the porous sponge-like Zn-ZnO coating exhibited high extraction capability, good selectivity and rapid mass transfer for some UV filters. The main parameters affecting extraction performance were investigated and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the calibration graphs were linear over the range of 0.1-200 mg L À1 . The limits of detection of the proposed method were 0.032-0.064 mg L À1 (S/N ¼ 3).The single fiber repeatability varied from 5.5% to 7.2% and the fiber-to-fiber reproducibility ranged from 7.1% to 8.3% for the extraction of spiked water with 50 mg L À1 UV filters (n ¼ 5). The established SPME-HPLC-UV method was successfully applied to the selective concentration and sensitive determination of target UV filters from real environmental water samples with recoveries from 80.3% to 99.2% at the spiking level of 5 mg L À1 and 50 mg L À1 . The relative standard deviations were below 9.3%.
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