The evaporation of water from bare soil changes in mechanism as well as in magnitude as the surface dries. This evaporation proceeds in three stages, the third of which has a mechanism completely different from the other two stages. Therefore, only the parameterization schemes for soil-surface evaporation that take account of this stage switching should be considered as rational.A rational parameterization of the soil-surface evaporation based on a three-layer model of the vertical distribution of soil moisture is proposed. Each stage of evaporation is characterized by one of the three soil layers that comes to the surface. The switching from one stage to another can be determined from the difference between surface soil temperature and screen-level air temperature. The evaporation rate in the first stage is equal to the potential evaporation rate Ep, and that in the second stage can be expressed by the product of Ep and "surface moisture availability" M, which depends on the wetness of the superficial layer of soil and the soil type. Since these are practically the same as the existing parameterizations, only a general idea of formulating the two stages is given in this paper. The third-stage process, however, is formulated by a newly invented scheme that will be called the "DSL bulk method." An example of the application of this method to the Tottori-Dune sand is also shown. This parameterization makes it possible to evaluate the evaporation rate in the third stage by the surface soil temperature and the average water content for the top 5cm of soil, and both can be measured by remote sensing.
The validity and pertinence of hydraulic fracture performance of horizontal well is important issues. How to combine multi disciplines such as reservoir engineering and logging and so on to implement the research project is a critical concern. Also, how to optimize the orientation and magnitude of parameters in analyzing fracture treatments is one of key steps to produce low permeability reservoirs in fields. Based on practical examples, fracture shape inversion technique of horizontal well fracturing was carried out by analyzing logging data, monitoring fracture data, and running 3-D fracture numerical simulation computer tools. Fracture spreading characteristics were analyzed and fracturing effect was verified. This fracture inversion technique is able to optimize fracturing design, evaluate and establish feasible development program for the region.
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