The research aimed to study the effects of 0-20% substitution of wheat flour with grape pomace powder (GPP) on the rheological and pasting properties of wheat dough, and on sensory properties, digestive and antioxidant activities of the prepared biscuits. The results of rheological analysis showed that incorporation with GPP concluded in reduced water absorption (WA) and increased dough stability. Rapid visco-analyser (RVA) results suggested GPP could increase the breakdown value of the starch paste system but decrease the setback and peak viscosity. With respect to biscuit properties, it was found that 5%-15% GPP resulted in increased chewiness and hardness of biscuits. Also, it was recorded that GPP significantly improved antioxidant activity and DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities. Although the in vitro digestibility results showed that the addition of GPP displayed minor influence on digestion rate, the sensory analysis results showed that the biscuits supplemented with GPP to a level of 10% resulted in products with good overall acceptability. Additionally, biscuits incorporated with an addition amount of 10% GPP exhibited nailing oxidation resistance and can be considered as a food with a high fiber content, which is a good option for people to pursue modern healthy foods.
Tannic acid widely exists in plants, which forms a part of human diet. The antioxidant activity of tannic acid was evaluated by the chemical and cellular antioxidant assays. And its α-amylase inhibitory activity and behavior were also investigated. It was found that hydrogen- and electron donating capacities of tannic acid were higher than those of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) based on reducing power, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. But for its low hydrophobic property, the antioxidant activity of tannic acid in linoleic acid system was inferior to that of TBHQ. In the cellular antioxidant assay, tannic acid showed the higher activity than gallic acid in the "PBS wash" protocol, which could attribute to its high binding capacity of cell membrane. Compared with acarbose, tannic acid possessed the stronger α-amylase inhibitory capacity. And the static fluorescence quenching of α-amylase in the presence of tannic acid could be also observed, which was caused by their binding interaction.
The purpose of this review was to gain a deeper understanding of tannic acid (TA) and its properties, which could be important for improving the technology of gluten-free food. TA is widely used in agriculture, food, medicine, and other fields due to its unique physiological functions (anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anti-viral, etc.). It can closely interact with proteins and polysaccharides, which can significantly influence the structure, function, and nutritional properties of compounds. In this article, TA is chosen as a polyphenol model, and the structure of tannins and the degree of their extraction have been considered systematically. Prospective application of interaction between TA and common biological macromolecules have been presented. In this review, different classes of tannins are summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods of extracting tannins have also been described. This review provides detailed information about the mechanisms of interaction of TA with biological macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides. Maize, buckwheat, rice flour and starch should be introduced as non-traditional raw materials in production of pasta for people ill with coeliac disease. Pasta dough from unconventional raw materials has non-standard rheological characteristics, and it is difficult to impart good plastic properties to it. That is why, studying the properties of tannins is necessary to improve the technology of gluten-free pasta. However, due to the different nature and composition of proteins, gluten-free foods do not have a network structure. So, they can hold neither water nor starch granules, their prepared dough is loose, with low viscosity, and is not easily moulded. That is why, the use of tannin to form a strong structure when developing a gluten-free pasta technology has become the main purpose of the research. Some potential problems of gluten-free dough processing can be solved by using new technical means. In view of this, the authors put forward the idea of using TА to form cross-links and a strong gluten-free dough structure.
Grape seed powder (GSP), grape skin powder (GSKP), or grape pomace powder (GPP) was introduced as partial substitution for wheat flour (WF) with variable percentages by weight (0-20 wt%), and the resultant addition effects on the rheological and microstructural properties were studied. GPP and GSP significantly (p < .05) reduced the water absorption but three types of grape powders could increase the development time and dough stability. Furthermore, all kinds of grape powders with various incorporations could significantly (p < .05) enhance the strength of dough systems. Grape powders decreased the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli, while the tan δ increased with the increasing of GSP/GSKP/GPP addition levels. The microstructure observation of composite doughs suggested that the integrity and continuity of gluten networks were destroyed in the presence of grape powders. Based on the above results, the GSP addition levels of 10% to 15%, GSKP/GPP of 5% to 10% are recommended. Influencia de la adición de polvo de orujo de vino Cabernet Sauvignon en las propiedades reológicas y microestructurales de la masa de trigo RESUMENEn el presente estudio se introdujo polvo de semilla de uva (GSP), polvo de piel de uva (GSKP), o polvo de orujo de uva (GPP), para sustituir parcialmente la harina de trigo (WF) en porcentajes variables en peso (0-20%), estudiándose los efectos resultantes de dicha adición en las propiedades reológicas y microestructurales. Aunque el GPP y el GSP redujeron significativamente (p<.05) la absorción de agua, los tres tipos de polvo de uva aumentaron el tiempo de desarrollo y la estabilidad de la masa. Además, todos los tipos de polvo de uva adicionados en cantidades diversas mejoraron significativamente (p<.05) la resistencia de los sistemas de masa. Asimismo, los polvos de uva disminuyeron los módulos de almacenamiento (G′) y de pérdida (G″), mientras que con el incremento de los niveles de adición de GSP/GSKP/GPP se produjo el aumento del tan δ. La observación de la microestructura de las masas compuestas permitió constatar que, en presencia de los polvos de uva, se destruyeron tanto la integridad como la continuidad de las redes de gluten. Los resultados anteriores llevan a recomendar niveles de adición de GSP de 10% a 15%, y de GSKP/ GPP de 5% a 10%.
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