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Lignin heterogeneity, including complex chemical structure and wide molecular-weight distribution, results in the inhomogeneous and modest performance of lignin, which substantially restricts its value-added applications. For an evaluation of the effects of lignin heterogeneity on the self-assembly nanosizing behaviors, three lignin fractions subdivided from enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) were used as the raw material for lignin micro-/nanoparticles (LMNPs) preparation, and afterward, the properties of these obtained LMNPs were compared. The three lignin fractions (denoted as F1, F2, and F3) presented reduced heterogeneity compared to the parent EHL, and a gradual increasing of molecular weight accompanied by decreasing hydrophilic group content were found from F1 to F3. The LMNPs prepared from the three fractions exhibited totally different morphologies: F1 mostly formed incomplete spherical particles with large size (450–650 nm), F3 produced only small compact nanoparticles (about 50 nm) with a quite uniform size distribution, and then two distinct particles with a large hollow structure (500–700 nm) and a small compact structure (100–250 nm) were fabricated using F2 as the raw materials. Among the three fractions, F3 showed the highest yield, and the obtained F3 nanoparticles exhibited excellent water dispersion stability because of their small/uniform particles size and high negative zeta potential. The formation mechanism of different nanosizing behaviors among the three lignin fractions was proposed on the basis of the nanoemulsion formed by amphiphilic low-molecular-weight lignin and the hydrophobic aggregation of high-molecular-weight lignin. Overall, this work demonstrates that lignin heterogeneity has significant effects on the self-assembly nanosizing behaviors of lignin, and the nanoparticle properties can be substantially improved using fractionated lignin with high molecular weight.

This study aimed to explore an evidence-based nursing practice model of CRF management in hospitalized adult patients using the PARIHS evidence-implementation framework as the theoretical structure to provide guidance for similar nursing practices. The implementation of guideline evidence into clinical practice was conducted on the oncology and radiotherapy wards of a university-affiliated hospital. The process of integrating the guideline into the symptom management system of cancer patients was described. The impact of the evidence implementation was evaluated from three aspects: organizational innovations and outcome measures associated with nurses and with patients pre- and post-evidence implementation. During the implementation of evidence into practice on the wards, a nursing process, health education, a quality control sheet and CRF training courses were established. Through this implementation, compliance with evidence related to CRF increased significantly on the two wards, with that of ward B being higher than that of ward A. Regarding nursing outcomes, nursing knowledge, attitude and behavior scores with respect to CRF nursing care increased substantially after its application on the two wards, and the ward B nurses’ scoring was higher than that of the ward A nurses. Qualitative analysis concerning the nurses suggested that leadership, patient concern about CRF management, and the need for professional development were the main motivators of the application, whereas the shortage and mobility of nursing human resources and insufficient communication between doctors and nurses were the main barriers. Additionally, most nurses felt more professional and confident about their work. Regarding patient outcomes, patient knowledge, attitude and behavior scores regarding CRF self-management increased significantly. Patients’ post-implementation CRF was alleviated compared with the pre-implementation treatment cycle. The PARIHS framework may provide instructive guidance for the incorporation of evidence into practice, and the process-oriented framework might provide greater operational utility of the application.

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