North China Mountain Walnut (NCMW) is one of the ancestors of extant cultivated species, and a valuable gene resource for resistance breeding of walnut in China. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers were designed to evaluate the level and pattern of genetic diversity in eight populations of NCMW. Nine ISSR primers yielded 91 amplification products with different sizes, of which 84 (92.31%) were polymorphic. A high species-level genetic diversity was detected with Nei's (H = 0.2592) and Shannon's diversity (I = 0.4003). In contrast, the population-level genetic diversity was relatively lower (PPB = 43.27%, H = 0.1347, I = 0.1862). Coefficient of populations differentiation (GST) was 0.5066, indicating that inter-population and intra-population variation contributed 50.66% and 49.34% respectively to the total genetic variability. This relative level of variation was further supported by AMOVA analysis. Limited gene flow (Nm = 0.5133.), habitat fragmentation and geographical isolation might be responsible for the population structure of NCMW. UPGMA cluster analysis classified the eight populations into three groups which showed no significant relationship between the genetic similarity coefficient and geographic origin but showed remarkable association with morpho-physiological characters, particularly nut traits. The results of the study provide species-level and population-level genetic profiles for further exploitation and conservation of genetic diversity of NCMW.
Abies alba is native to the mountains of Europe and often used as Christmas trees. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of A. alba. The complete chloroplast genome is 121,243 bp in length, comprising a large single copy (LSC) region of 67,034 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 53,681 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 264 bp each. The genome contains 114 genes and they were 68 peptide-encoding genes, 35 tRNA genes, four rRNA genes, six open reading frames, and one pseudogene. Loss of ndh genes and inverted repeat sequences were identified in this genome. The phylogenetic analysis confirms that the Abies species are supported as monophyletic with high bootstrap values.
Background Volatile components are important secondary metabolites essential to fruit aroma quality, thus, in the past decades many studies have been extensively performed in clarifying fruit aroma formation. However, aroma components and biosynthesis in the fruit of Binzi (Malus pumila × Malus asiatica), an old local species with attractive aroma remain unknown. Results We investigated two Binzi cultivars, ‘Xiangbinzi’ (here named high-fragrant Binzi, ‘HFBZ’) and ‘Hulabin’ (here named low-fragrant Binzi, ‘LFBZ’) by monitoring the variation of volatiles and their precursors by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS), as well as their related genes by RNA-seq during post-harvest ripening. We firstly confirmed that ‘HFBZ’ and ‘LFBZ’ fruit showed respiratory climacteric by detecting respiratory rate and ethylene emission during post-harvest; found that esters were the major aroma components in ‘HFBZ’ fruit, and hexyl 2-methylbutyrate was responsible for the ‘fruity’ note and most potent aroma component, followed by ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, (E)-2-hexenal, and 1-hexanol. Regarding aroma synthesis, fatty acid metabolism seemed to be more important than amino acid metabolism for aroma synthesis in ‘HFBZ’ fruit. Based on RNA-seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), LOX2a, LOX5a, ADH1, and AAT1 genes are pointed to the LOX pathway, which may play a vital role in the aroma formation of ‘HFBZ’ fruit. Conclusion Our study firstly investigated the aroma components and related genes of Binzi fruit, and provided an insight into the fragrant nature of Malus species.
With the rapid development of the international integration process, the global phenomenon of increased competition has emerged, and innovation and entrepreneurship have become the main driving force for economic development in the 21st century. Since the Ministry of Education issued the "Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in Colleges and Universities and Self-employment of College Students" in 2010, domestic innovation and entrepreneurship education has developed rapidly in various universities, but there are still many problems. This paper takes college students from developed countries as the research object, and focuses on the basic situation of innovation and entrepreneurship education in America, Britain and other European countries' and Japanese universities. In addition, their outstanding characteristics of success in innovation and entrepreneurship education were summarized. Some inspirations for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in Chinese universities are put forward to provide a useful reference for China's colleges and universities.
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