BackgroundInadequate sleep is associated with many detrimental health effects, including increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These effects have been associated with changes to the skeletal muscle transcriptome, although this has not been characterised in response to a period of sleep restriction. Exercise induces a beneficial transcriptional response within skeletal muscle that may counteract some of the negative effects associated with sleep restriction. We hypothesised that sleep restriction would down-regulate transcriptional pathways associated with glucose metabolism, but that performing exercise would mitigate these effects.Methods20 healthy young males were allocated to one of three experimental groups: a Normal Sleep (NS) group (8 h time in bed per night (TIB), for five nights (11 pm – 7 am)), a Sleep Restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB, for five nights (3 am – 7 am)), and a Sleep Restriction and Exercise group (SR+EX) (4 h TIB, for five nights (3 am – 7 am) and three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions (performed at 10 am)). RNA sequencing was performed on muscle samples collected pre- and post-intervention. Our data was then compared to skeletal muscle transcriptomic data previously reported following sleep deprivation (24 h without sleep).ResultsGene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated there was an increased enrichment of inflammatory and immune response related pathways in the SR group post-intervention. However, in the SR+EX group the direction of enrichment in these same pathways occurred in the opposite directions. Despite this, there were no significant changes at the individual gene level from pre- to post-intervention. A set of genes previously shown to be decreased with sleep deprivation was also decreased in the SR group, but increased in the SR+EX group.ConclusionThe alterations to inflammatory and immune related pathways in skeletal muscle, following five nights of sleep restriction, provide insight regarding the transcriptional changes that underpin the detrimental effects associated with sleep loss. Performing three sessions of HIIE during sleep restriction attenuated some of these transcriptional changes. Overall, the transcriptional alterations observed with a moderate period of sleep restriction were less evident than previously reported changes following a period of sleep deprivation.
PurposeThis study aimed to explore the effect of exercise and cold exposure on insulin sensitivity and the level of serum free fatty acids (FFA) in diet-induced obese rats.MethodsSixty-four diet-induced obese rats were randomly assigned to eight groups: room temperature–sedentary, room temperature–exercise, acute cold exposure–sedentary, acute cold exposure–exercise, intermittent cold exposure–sedentary, intermittent cold exposure–exercise, sustained cold exposure–sedentary, and sustained cold exposure–exercise. After the interventions, the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, the level of serum FFA, subcutaneous fat ratio (SFR) and visceral fat ratio, enzyme activities of adipose triglyceride lipase, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in inguinal adipose tissue, and protein expression of PGC1-α and p38 MAPK in skeletal muscle were investigated.ResultsWe found that exercise (P = 0.0136) and cold exposure (P < 0.0001) reduced HOMA-IR values independently. Exercise reduced serum FFA (P = 0.0041), whereas cold exposure did not affect them. Moreover, the HOMA-IR values were positively correlated with the serum FFA levels (r = 0.32, P = 0.01). SFR or visceral fat ratio was coordinately reduced by the interaction (for SFR, P = 0.0015) or opposing main effects between or of cold exposure and exercise, supporting the reduction of serum FFA. However, cold exposure or exercise increased the activity of adipose triglyceride lipase and LPL independently or interactively (for LPL, P = 0.0143), suggesting an increase in serum FFA. Finally, cold exposure and exercise enhanced protein expression of PGC1-α and p38 MAPK independently or interactively (for p38 MAPK, P = 0.0226), suggesting increased uptake and oxidation of serum FFA in muscle.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the combination of exercise and cold exposure may result in more serum FFA utilization than production and thus lead to reduced serum FFA and increased insulin sensitivity.
Bone-related diseases are major problems and heavy burdens faced by modern society. Current clinical approaches for the treatment of these pathological conditions often lead to complications and have limited therapeutic efficacy. In this context, the development of nanotherapeutic platforms, such as extracellular vesicles, can improve the relevant therapeutic effects. In particular, exosomes are nano-sized, lipid bilayer extracellular vesicles secreted by many cells in mammals. Due to their innate capacity to transport materials—including proteins, lipids, and genes—among cells, as well as their innate attraction to target cells, they are considered to be a crucial medium for cell communication and are involved in a number of biological processes. Exosomes have been used as drug delivery vehicles in recent bone tissue engineering studies, in order to regulate bone homeostasis. However, the precise workings of the exosome regulatory network in maintaining bone homeostasis and its potential for treating bone injury remain unclear. To provide a fresh perspective for the study of exosomes in drug delivery and bone-related diseases, in this paper, we review recent studies on the roles of exosomes for drug delivery in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, as well as the composition and characteristics of exosomes and their regulatory roles in bone homeostasis and bone-related diseases, aiming to provide new ideas for the therapeutic application of exosomes in the treatment of bone-related diseases.
20Irisin promotes browning of white fat, improves energy metabolism, and weight loss. In 21 this study, we investigated the effects of different oxygen concentrations during hypoxic 22 training on the serum irisin and the PGC-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 23 coactivator 1-alpha)-FNDC5(fibronectin type III domain containing 5)-UCP1(uncoupling 24 protein 1) signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley 25 Obese rats (n=80) were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: the control group (group A, 26 n=10); the endurance exercise group (AE group, n=10), which involved animal treadmill 27 training at slope 0°, 20 m/min, 40 min/d, and 5 d/w; the 16.3% hypoxia exposure group (group 28 B, n=10), 13.3% hypoxia exposure group (group C, n=10), and 11.3% hypoxia exposure group 29 (group D, n=10), which were exposed to a low oxygen environment with oxygen concentrations 30 of 16.3%, 13.3%, and 11.3%, respectively, for 12 h/d; and the 16.3% hypoxic training group 31 (BE group, n=10), 13.3% hypoxic training group (CE group, n=10), and 11.3% hypoxic training 32 group (DE group, n=10) with animal treadmill training during hypoxia exposure. After 8 weeks, 33 the serum irisin concentrations in the AE, BE, CE, and DE groups were significantly higher 34 than that in the A group (p<0.05). Hypoxia exposure and hypoxic training at the three different 35 concentrations significantly increased PGC-1α and FNDC5 gene expression in the skeletal 36 muscle. The PGC-1α and FNDC5 protein contents were significantly higher in the skeletal 37 muscle of the obese rats in the C, AE, and DE groups than those in group A (p<0.05). UCP1 38 protein expression was significantly higher in groups C, CE, D, and DE than in group A 39 (p<0.05).To conclude, training at oxygen concentrations of 13.3% and 11.3% significantly 3 40 increased the serum irisin level, and 11.3% hypoxic training enhanced the effects of the PGC-41 1α-Irisin-UCP1 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. Introduction 43Obesity has become a global public health problem, and the rates of obese and overweight 44 individuals of different genders and age groups continue to increase [1]. Therefore, safe weight-45 control methods and effective weight-loss action targets are a focus of research. As a new 46 myokine[2] and adipokine [3], irisin causes browning of white fat and promote energy 47 metabolism. Thus, irisin has great potential for the prevention and treatment of metabolic 48 diseases and obesity. Numerous studies have found that exercise can stimulate skeletal muscle 49 to release irisin into the blood circulation and that it has obvious benign effects on obese or 50 diabetic patients of different ages [4][5][6][7][8]. Currently, the relationship between irisin and various 51 chronic diseases related to energy metabolism disorders is gradually being revealed, and new 52 functions of irisin are constantly being discovered[9, 10]. Long-term endurance training or 53 short-term sprint training can both promote an increase in the irisin lev...
Objective to study the influence of exercise on immune factor IL-2、IL-3、IL-6 in the hot and humid environment by comparing the changes of leukocytes after different intensity exercise with the normal environment,exploring the training program which is beneficial for the immune system in the hot and humid environment, and supply the theoretical basis for the sports training and National Physical Fitness in the hot and humid area. Methods The experimental subjects were 32 healthy male college students of Guangzhou Sports with an average age of 20.9 years. All the subjects tested the maximum oxygen uptake before the experiment, and then were divided into the control group, the 55%VO2max sports group, the 70%VO2max sports group and the 85%VO2max sports group. The experimental subjects took a treadmill running in the normal environment(20-25℃;RH: 55-60%) and finished the same exercise training program in the hot and humid environment(30-32℃;RH:90-95%) after a week, collected the elbow venous blood before and after exercise in the normal environment, The main test indicator contained IL-2、IL-3 and IL-6, Training program: control group sit quietly for 30 min; The 55%VO2max group: Movement×2, 15min one time, Interval 5 min; The 70% VO2max group: Movement×3, 10min one time , Interval 5 min; The 85%VO2max group: Movement ×4, 7.5 min one time , Interval 5 min; All data were calculated using SPSS 25.0, Mean + / - standard deviation (Mean + / - SD), paired T test, single factor variance and multifactor variance analysis. P<0.05 was the significant level, and P<0.01 was the very significant level. Results 1、IL-2 is mainly produced in activated T lymphocytes, which can promote T cell proliferation, improve the secretion and function level of NK cells, play an important role in immune regulation and is an important regulatory factor. Under normal circumstances, IL-2 of the body of each exercise group increased slightly after acute exercise, but there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). In the humid and hot environment, IL-2 decreased in all groups after exercise, and the decrease in the quiet group was large, but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05).2、IL-3 is a multipotent hematopoietic regulatory factor that ACTS on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, mainly produced by activated T lymphocytes. Under normal circumstances, the IL-3 increase of 55% VO2max and 85% VO2max group was not obvious after exercise, while that of 70% VO2max group was not obvious before and after exercise. After acute exercise in hot and humid environment, IL-3 increased in all groups, but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05). Compared with the normal environment, IL-3 increased after exercise in each group.3、IL-6 plays an important role in the regulation of motor mediated function, known as kinematic factor, mainly from stimulated mononuclear macrophages, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Skeletal muscle can also express IL-6 under exercise stress, which is involved in the repair of muscle cell injury and plays an important regulatory role in skeletal muscle metabolism. Under normal circumstances, after exercise, there was a significant increase in all the exercise groups, among which 55% of the VO2max group and 70% of the VO2max group had a significant difference in IL-6 before and after exercise (p<0.05), and 85% of the VO2max group had a very significant difference (p<0.01). In the humid and hot environment, IL-6 increased after thermal stress in the quiet group, and IL-6 increased significantly after acute exercise in all the exercise groups (p<0.01). Compared with the normal environment, IL-6 increased more significantly and significantly in each group after exercise. Conclusions The combined effect of heat stress and exercise stress on human immune function in the thermal environment is more significant than that of heat stress or exercise stress alone. The greater the intensity of exercise, the decrease of IL-2 and the significant change of IL-6, the more attention should be paid to the temporary immunosuppression caused by excessive intensity of exercise in the humid and hot environment.
Objective Study of the effect of treadmill resistance training on the cross section and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK of gastrocnemius of aging rats, and explore the role of resistance training in prevention and regulation of sarcopenia. Methods 11-month-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 40, SPF grade, initial body weight 776.9 ± 50) were raised in various cages in a room with a room temperature of 23 ± 2°C, a humidity of 40–60%, and a natural light/dark cycle. After eight months, the treated rats were then divided into one sedentary group (control, n = 8/group) and four groups for resistance training (GRT 1-GRT 4, GRT for Group for Resistance Training, n = 8/group) lasting for 8 weeks. For resistance training, GRT1 to GRT4 carried no loading, 30% maximum loading, 50% maximum loading and 70% maximum loading, respectively. The protocol for treadmill running was as follows: 15m/min (speed), 35°C (slope), 15s each time, an interval for 30s between two runnings, four runnings as one training, an interval for 3mins between two training, three training as one cycle, two cycles one training day, and one-day break between two training days. The morphology and cross section of gastrocnemius and the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2、p38MAPK proteins in the rats were examined after 8 weeks’ training. Results Compared with the control, GRT1-GRT4 displayed relatively better aligned muscles fibers and noticeably larger cross-sectional area (P<0.05). The content of p-ERK1/2 (phosphorylated ERK1/2) displayed a descending trend as the loading increased compared with the control (GRT1 VS control, P>0.05; GRT2 VS control, P<0.05; GRT3 VS control, P>0.05; GRT4 VS control, P>0.05). However, the pairwise comparison revealed that only the difference between GRT1 and GRT2 was significant. Similarly, the content of p-p38MAPK (phosphorylated p38MAPK) displayed a descending trend as the loading increased compared with the control (GRT1 VS control, P>0.05; GRT2 VS control, P>0.05; GRT3 VS control, P<0.01; GRT4 VS control, P<0.01). Besides, the pairwise comparison revealed that the difference between GRT1 and GRT3 was significant (P<0.05) and that between GRT1 and GRT4 was even highly significant (P<0.01). Conclusions Resistance training with middle-class intensity or above can prevent sarcopenia. ERK1/2 and p38MAPK were subject to high-level phosphorylation in aging skeletal muscles, which resulted from the stress-like status of the aging body. Treadmill training of with middle-class intensity or above can reduce ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation in aging skeletal muscles of rats, which indicates that resistance training can effectively prevent sarcopenia by inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation.
Objective To observe the effect of three training ways, aerobic training, resistance training and aerobic combined with resistance training on cross-section and p-Akt/MuRF1 proteins expressions in rats’ soleus under simulated acute microgravity, the purpose of this study was to explore its roles in preconditioning exercise and the appropriate training methods to prevent the muscle atrophy in acute microgravity. Methods 32 male SD rats (aged 6 wk) were randomly distributed into four groups: control group (CON, n=8), aerobic training group (AER, n=8), resistance training group (RES, n=8) and aerobic combined resistance training group (ACR, n=8). The training groups were trained once every other day, while CON was not trained. Rats in AER trained on an animal treadmill with the 0° at the speed of 35 m/min for 45 minutes. The rats in AER were trained by running resistance method, loaded with 50% of its weight in the tail of the rat, each training section included 4-repetition of 15-second 35° climbing on treadmill at the speed of 15 m/min, with the interval of 30 seconds between repetitions,and 3 minutes between sections, each circle comprised 3 sections, and 2 circles at a time. The rats of ACR were requested to carry out an aerobic training(25min) and a resistance training(1 circles) in training day. After 6 wk training, all rats were under the simulated acute microgravity (hindlimb suspension), the 6th-day soleus muscles were excised and muscle cells cross-section area(CSA) were observed, and p-Akt/MuRF1 proteins expressions were analyzed by Western blot. Results 1) After 5 days of acute microgravity stimulation, the CSA of soleus muscles of rats in the three training groups were larger than those in CON, and RES and ACR have statistical significance (P<0.05, P<0.01). In three training models, ACR was significantly greater than the aerobic training group and resistance training group (P<0.05), and RES was significantly greater than AER (P<0.05). 2) Compared with CON, the p-Akt protein expression in the soleus muscle of rats in AER was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while it was increased in both RES and ACR, and in ACR increased significantly (P<0.01). Among the three training methods, the p-Akt proteins expressions in the soleus muscle of rats in ACR was significantly higher than AER (P<0.01)and RES (P<0.05). 3) Compared with CON, the MuRF1 proteins expressions in soleus muscle of rats in ACR are not significantly change (P>0.05), while AER and RES increased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05). At the same time, the MuRF1 proteins expressions in soleus muscle of rats in AER and RES is significantly higher than ACR (P<0.01), and AER is significantly higher than that RES (P<0.01). Conclusions Three training models have certain effects on preventing muscle atrophy in the acute microgravity environment, and the effect of aerobic combined resistance training is the best, which may relate to up-regulating the p-Akt proteins expressions in skeletal muscle and inhibiting the MuRF1 proteins expressions in the acute microgravity environment.
Objective Through testing and analysis the characteristics of body shape,body composition,bone growth and physical fitness,hemoglobin, testosterone of 6-7 years old female preselected tennis players,the study aim was to provide reference bases for the early selection of female tennis players. Methods A total of 75 female preselected tennis players(initial selection by the coaches) aged from 6 to 7 years were came from Hebei, Hubei, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia province, who came to Research Center for Heath related Physical Fitness Evaluation of Guangzhou Sport University for physical fitness test from July 2016 to July 2018. The height, weight, length of upper limbs, length of lower limbs, iliac width, shoulder width, body fat, muscle mass, bone age,bone mass density(BMD), anaerobic power and PWC170, reaction time, vertical jump, grip strength, hemoglobin, testosterone were measured using related instruments and methods, and calculated derived indicators BMI, iliac width/shoulder width. Data were compared with the national standard of physical health of students and/or evaluated by deviation method,and correlation had been analysed among physical parameters. Results 1)The 75 female preselected tennis players’ aged from 6 to 7 years height and weight were 128.10±5.32cm and 25.70±3.87kg,and there are 47 girls height upper medium grade level, 60% of which weight was at a moderate level, their BMI were 15.48±1.50kg/m2,and all in the normal range, iliac width/shoulder width ×100 was 76.52±7.00, 70.7% 0f which was above medium grade level, the upper and lower limbs were 54.28±3.60cm and 71.68±5.26cm, girls’ PBF were 21.03±6.44, muscle weight were 18.94±3.00kg, BMD were 2.04±2.20, and no low bone strength were fund; Anaerobic power of all female preselected tennis players were 135.93±31.65kg.cm, and the values of the PWC170 relative weight were 10.79±2.56kg.m/min.kg, reaction time were 0.628±0.128s, vertical jump were 21.13±4.95cm, the grip of right and left hand were 10.36±2.15kg and 10.06±2.40kg, the physical fitness parameters above in the upper middle class were more girls than the lower middle class; The hemoglobin content was 132.15±8.70g/L, which was above the normal level (110 -160g/L), the serum testosterone concentration was 1.52±1.20umol/L, which was much higher than that of normal girls (0-0.7umol/L). 2) When age was controlled, there was negative correlation between T and PFB, vertical jump and body weight, PWC170 and reaction time(P<0.05), and there was positive correlation between hemoglobin and muscle weight(P<0.05), height, and vertical jump(P<0.01), muscle weight and anaerobic power(P<0.01),anaerobic power and height,weight,BMI,upper and lower limbs(P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01),PWC170 and vertical jump,the grip of right and left hand(P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.05), vertical jump and upper, lower limbs, iliac width/shoulder width(P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01). Conclusions 75 female aged from 6 to 7 years old preselected tennis players’ body shape, physical fitness, physiological and biochemical function were superior to peers, and in those parameters,there were more people in upper middle grade than lower middle grade. There is a certain correlation between body composition, shape and fitness of female preselected tennis players’ aged from 6 to 7 years.
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