Complete thyroidectomy was recommended for patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma to remove any potential residual contralateral cancer tissue and to facilitate detection of metastatic lesions by radioactive iodide (131I). Unfortunately, 8-32% incidence of severe complications were noted after reoperation. At present, there are still not enough data about the ablative effect of 131I for such conservative surgical treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancers. The major goal of the present study was to examine the effects of 311I for ablation of thyroid remnants in order to obviate the severe complications associated with reoperation. From January 1977 to December 1995, 210 papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma patients received subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy. After the operation, 46 of the 210 patients received 131I for remnant ablation. At doses of > or = 30 mCi 131I, 38 thyroid remnants were successfully ablated; 25 of 38 (65.8%) patients successfully ablated patients received 30 mCi 131I one-four times. Five patients expired during the follow-up period, including two follicular carcinoma patients who were misinterpreted as having benign lesions in the first operation. Patients in the overall failure versus success group for thyroid remnant ablation revealed increased age, histopathology of follicular carcinoma, higher postoperative 131I uptake in the neck bed, higher postoperative thyroglobulin levels, bigger tumor size, and higher mortality. In conclusion, repeated 30 mCi 131I treatments were adequate for most thyroid remnant ablations following subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Misinterpretation of follicular cancer as benign lesions and unresectable tumor comprised the main reasons for mortality.
Nanoparticles with size in the range from 10 nm to 300 nm and from three different materials (Au 10 nm, Ag 20 nm, and PSL 30 nm, 100 nm and 300 nm) were used in this supplementary comparison. The selected nanoparticles meet the requirements of different measurement methods such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and for forth. All 37 participating laboratories returned results, but not all laboratories were able to perform measurement of all 5 nanoparticles. In order to determine the degree of equivalence (DOE), two reference values were considered in this comparison: the method dependent reference value (MRV) and the global reference value (GRV). The MRVs were determined for different measurement methods according to the corresponding reported uncertainties and measurement values from the participants. Each measurement method owns its own MRV. Since the measurement data from DLS were very different from and inconsistent with the measurement data from the other methods, the MRV for DLS was used in the En number calculation for the measurement data reported from the DLS method. The GRV was determined from the MRVs and their uncertainties of all the measurement methods except DLS, and was applied in the En number calculations for the measurement data reported from AFM, EM, DMA and SAXS methods. The assumption that the particles are spherical was commonly made in the nanoparticle measurements. Non-sphericity of particles, if exists, could have different impacts on different measurement methods. It is also important to note that the methods used are measuring mean diameters of a population of particles, not just a single particle, and that the meaning of the mean diameter could differ for different methods. Probably if participants include a different specific contribution in the uncertainty in a harmonized way, taking the non-cancelled method-dependent "systematic" errors into account, it may be easier to compare the results. KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH Nanoparticles; Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS); and Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA); Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
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