Work-home conflict of women in a multinational computer organisation was examined in two phases using quantitative and qualitative methods. In Phase 1 a questionnaire was sent to all directly employed females (n = 204), who were also invited to participate in Phase 2, a one-hour on-site focus group. A total of 31 women contributed to four focus groups. In line with previous research, Phase 1 identified the dominant construct to be work interfering with home. Almost one in ten women scored in the highest quartile of possible scores (24 to 30) for work-to-home conflict. In Phase 2, issues such as lack of time and lack of social support, family, careers and guilt were discussed in depth. Central to the development of conflict was commitment to both domains. The different meanings women attached tò`w ork'' and``home'' added to the complexity of these issues. In contrast with past studies, part-time working status was found to contribute to conflict and intensified the feelings of`j uggling'', as did being single. Poor physical and psychological health was a common outcome. A minority of participants experienced positive work-home``spill-over''. Witnessing that other women accepted and acknowledged the negative effects of the stressors was thought to be a first step to resolving them. The dual approach adopted facilitated a greater understanding of the concept of workhome conflict that health professionals may use both to develop and to deliver effective interventions.
While work-home conflict has well-established negative outcomes, few studies explore how this might be resolved. This study explored the delivery and outcomes of a threesession workplace intervention delivered by a non-specialist counsellor to women with high work-home conflict, using solution-focused therapy (SFT). Transcripts from the counselling sessions provided the key data for the study. Participants had unique combinations of conflict, and unique levels of self-assessed success in developing and sticking to their solutions. These perspectives are spillover (home or work affect each other), segmenting (demands are ringfenced in one domain) and compensation (demands in one domain are balanced with contributions to the other). Although the specific solutions generated may not be new tò`o utsiders'', they were to these women, and were unlikely to have been undertaken without the intervention.
A different sample of 84 college students' relationships with their parents were surveyed in a replication one year after the original study. While sign tests showed significantly higher over-all ratings for relationships with mothers (good) than with fathers (average to good), daughters rated their relationships with their mothers (good) as significantly higher than those with their fathers (average to good), yet sons rated mothers and fathers about equally (average to good). These data are interpreted in terms of conditioning and social learning theory.
Salt (sodium chloride) has been linked to increased blood pressure and a rise in core body temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role played by salt in altering behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats. Different doses of sodium chloride were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold Skinner Box. Three Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement in a repeated-measures reversal design. Friedman's non-parametric test showed significant differences among sodium chloride doses and physiologically normal saline. Post hoc sign tests showed that all doses of NaCl suppressed operant behavior for heat except 60 mg/kg. The hypothesis that sodium chloride lowers hypothalamic set point for heat was partially supported.
The three-statistician model of monitoring data from an ongoing trial generated strong reactions from the statistical community. At controversy is the recommendation that an independent statistician serves as unblinded liaison to the data monitoring committee (DMC). We share our experience with using an industry statistician as the unblinded liaison in a study on the early treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. The DMC membership included an academic consulting statistician. A DMC charter was drawn up laying down the expectations for committee members. The study statisticians were not involved in dealings with the DMC. Only the liaison statistician responsible for generating reports and analyses was aware of the grouped results A versus B. A report generation process was established ensuring a firewall for maintaining confidentiality of results. In certain situations, employing an industry statistician as the unblinded liaison to the DMC is a viable option for monitoring data. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this article, participants should be able to: Describe an example of using a sponsor statistician as unblinded liaison to the data monitoring committee (DMC) Present the elements of a DMC charter and a process for preparing DMC reports Discuss considerations for determining when using an unblinded industry liaison to the DMC is a viable option for monitoring data Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using an industry statistician as an unblinded liaison to the DMC Target Audience This article is designed for anyone involved with the clinical trial process including: statisticians, clinical research associates/monitors, clinical data managers, project managers, site coordinators, and data coordinating center personnel, and for potential data monitoring committee memebers including physicians and scientists.
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