Musically naive students were taught a piano lesson. In a paid teaching condition, the teacher was portrayed as being extrinsically motivated by a $25 payment. In a second condition, the teacher was portrayed as an intrinsically motivated volunteer The confederate teacher was blind to conditions and gave the same standardized lesson to all students. Students in the volunteer condition perceived the teacher as exhibiting greater enjoy-mast, enthusiasm, and innovation relative to those in the paid condition hey also enjoyed the lesson more, reported a more positive mood, and were more interested in further learning. During a free-play interval, students in the volunteer condition exhibited greater exploratory activity than those in the paid condition
The article presents a resolution of an empirical conflict about the effect of depressed affect on time perception. We propose that depressed affect produces a subjective slowing of time but does not alter the perception of objective chronometric time passage. A between-subjects experiment is reported in which temporary depressed, neutral, and elated states were induced in adult subjects who then performed a sorting task for either 4 rain or 13 min. Results of a measure of subjective speed of time passage revealed that time passed more slowly for the depressed subjects than for subjects in the other two affect conditions. Chronometric time judgments, however, were not influenced by perceiver affective state. The real-time difference of 4 min vereus 13 min did significantly affect chronometric time judgments, but it had no effect on judgments of subjective speed of time passage. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance both to previous time perception research and to the general understanding of depressed affect.
1832 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 3 through 6 participated in a standardization study of the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory for children. The mean lie scores for the total group, boys and girls were 6.15, 6.20, and 6.10, respectively.
434 adults participated in a standardization study of the lie scale of the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory for Adults, Form Ad. The mean lie scores for the total group, men and women, were 6.32, 6.37, and 6.28, respectively. No significant differences were found between the scores of men and women.
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