Tough hydrogels that are capable of efficient mechanical energy dissipation and withstanding large strains have potential applications in diverse areas. However, most reported fabrication strategies are performed in multiple steps with long-time UV irradiation or heating at high temperatures, limiting their biological and industrial applications. Hydrogels formed with a single pair of mechanisms are unstable in harsh conditions. Here we report a one-step, biocompatible, straightforward and general strategy to prepare tough soft hydrogels in a few tens of seconds under mild conditions. With a multimechanism design, the network structures remarkably improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels and maintain their high toughness in various environments. The broad compatibility of the proposed method with a spectrum of printing technologies makes it suitable for potential applications requiring high-resolution patterns/structures. This strategy opens horizons to inspire the design and application of high-performance hydrogels in fields of material chemistry, tissue engineering, and flexible electronics.
Hydrogel tubes as one kind of perfusable
tubular materials, show promising applications in a wide spectrum
of fields. However, there is still a great challenge to design a rapid,
biocompatible, and straightforward strategy for one-step engineering
tough hydrogel tubes, which have excellent mechanical properties,
unique resilience, and multiple functions. Herein, we explore visible-light-mediated
orthogonal photochemistry to achieve the fabrication of tough hydrogel
tubes with double networks via a coaxial-nozzle spinning technique
under short blue-light irradiation (∼20 s). The as-prepared
tubes are tough (2.3 MJ m–3) and have mechanical
strength (∼300 kPa) with a critical strain of 16, good fatigue
resistance, and resilience (>95% within 3 min). These perfusable
tubular hydrogels not only can be knitted and assembled to complicated
2D/3D structures, but also are designed to fabricate functional tubes
in one step with the applications in fields of smart materials, soft
electronics, and sensors.
A monolithic hierarchical Au sponge is prepared by the polymer-assisted metal deposition method, showing excellent catalysis in intermittent and continuous-flow fashions.
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