1. Genetic analysis of feeding preference can make an important contribution to our understanding of the evolution of host-plant selection in phytophagous insects. Two closely related flea beetles, Altica viridicyanea (Baly) and Altica fragariae Nakane, with separate host plants [ Geranium wilfordii Maxim. and Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke respectively] were hybridised to analyse the inheritance mode of feeding preference.2. Adult hybrid F 1 ( A. viridicyanea female × A. fragariae male) preferred G. wilfordii to D. indica in two-choice tests, regardless of which plant they had fed on as larvae. Adults of one backcross to A. fragariae preferred D. indica to G. wilfordii , and the two backcrosses to A. viridicyanea consumed only a very small percentage of D. indica . Adult females of F 2 showed no significant preference, whereas males of F 2 showed slight preference for G. wilfordii over D. indica .3. Both the mean feeding preference and the segregation pattern of beetles indicate that the feeding preference of A. viridicyanea and A. fragariae for G. wilfordii and D. indica , respectively, is mainly controlled by a major dominant autosomal gene (or several genes). 4. The variance between feeding preference and oviposition preference of female F 2 indicate that the two behaviour traits of Altica species are controlled by different gene(s).
The long noncoding RNA, homeobox transcript antisense RNA (Hotair), has been demonstrated to have an important role in regulating various biological processes in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the importance of Hotair in HCC proliferation and cell cycle progression remains to be elucidated. In the present study, knockdown of HOTAIR expression by RNA interference inhibited cell proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In addition, the expression levels of CCND1 mRNA and its cyclin D1 protein product were reduced in Huh7 cells following knockdown of HOTAIR. Knockdown of HOTAIR reduced the expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and HOTAIR knockdown combined with STAT3 inhibition led to an additional decrease in cyclin D1 expression. The present study suggested that Hotair may have a critical role in the proliferation of HCC by regulating cell cycle, STAT3 activity and cyclin D1 expression. Therefore, Hotair may be a novel potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
The Asian flea beetles Altica cirsicola, Altica fragariae and Altica viridicyanea are broadly sympatric and morphologically highly similar but feed on distantly related host plants. They have been suggested as a model for ecological speciation studies. However, their phylogeny and species limits remain uncertain. In this study, we added mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals of each species to the growing database. Phylogenetic analyses based on 15 genes showed clear interspecific divergences of A. fragariae from the other species, but A. cirsicola and A. viridicyanea were not distinguishable by distance‐based or tree‐based methods of species delimitation due to non‐monophyly of mitogenomes relative to the morphologically defined entities, possibly affected by interspecific introgression. This was confirmed by wider sampling of mitochondrial COX1 (58 individuals) and the second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster (ITS2; 68 individuals), which showed that ITS2, but not COX1, coincided with the morphological species limits. The full mitochondrial genomes are not able to shed further light on the species status, even with the most sensitive approach based on diagnostic characters, yet the whole mitogenome is useful to get improved estimates of intra‐ and interspecific variation, not affected by the stochastic error seen in individual genes.
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