Isopenicins A−C (1−3), three novel meroterpenoids possessing two types of unprecedented terpenoidpolyketide hybrid skeletons, were isolated from the cultures of Penicillium sp. sh18. Their structures were determined through synergetic use of extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum-chemical calculation with ANN−PRA analysis, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Additionally, the inhibitory activities of these compounds on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were evaluated, and 1 was identified as a potent inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Chaetolactam A (1), an unprecedented azaphilone derivative bearing a unique 9-oxa-7-azabicyclo[4.2.1]octan-8onering system, together with two new compounds, 11-epi-chaetomugilide B (2) and chaetomugilide D (3) was isolated from an endophytic fungus, Chaetomium sp. g1. Notably, extensive NMR data analyses, NMR calculations with DP4 and DP4+ analyses, ECD calculations, and the RDC method were employed to establish the structure of 1. Furthermore, 2 exhibited potent apoptosis induction activity by mediating caspase-3 activation and PARP degradation at 3 μM in HL-60.
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