Purpose-This paper seeks to investigate the impact of intellectual capital elements on business performance, as well as the relationship among intellectual capital elements from a cause-effect perspective. Design/methodology/approach-The partial least squares approach is used to examine the information technology (IT) industry in Taiwan. Findings-Results show that intellectual capital elements directly affect business performance, with the exception of human capital. Human capital indirectly affects performance through the other three elements: innovation capital, process capital, and customer capital. There also exists a cause-effect relationship among four elements of intellectual capital. Human capital affects innovation capital and process capital. Innovation capital affects process capital, which in turn influences customer capital. Finally, customer capital contributes to performance. The cause-effect relationship between leading elements and lagged elements provides implications for the management of firms in the IT industry. Research limitations/implications-The model proposed in this study is applicable to the high-tech IT industry. Modification of the proposed model may be needed in applying this model to other industries. Practical implications-This study helps management identify relevant intellectual capital elements and their indicators to enhance business performance. Originality/value-This paper is a seminal work to propose an integrated cause-effect model to investigate the relationship among elements of intellectual capital for IT in Taiwan.
An increasing number of MRI investigations suggest that patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show not only gray matter decreases but also white matter (WM) abnormalities, including WM volume (WMV) deficits and integrity disruption of WM pathways. In this study, we applied multimodal voxel-wise meta-analytical methods to study WMV and fractional anisotropy in AD. Fourteen studies including 723 participants (340 with AD and 383 controls) were involved. The meta-analysis was performed using effect size signed differential mapping. Significant WMV reductions were observed in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, splenium of corpus callosum, right parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus. Decreased fractional anisotropy was identified mainly in left posterior limb of internal capsule, left anterior corona radiata, left thalamus, and left caudate nucleus. Significant decreases of both WMV and fractional anisotropy were found in left caudate nucleus, left superior corona radiata, and right inferior temporal gyrus. Most findings showed to be highly replicable in the jackknife sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, AD patients show widespread WM abnormalities mainly in bilateral structures related to advanced mental and nervous activities.
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