The use of soybean
oil or its derivatives to toughen polylactide
(PLA) usually leads to limited toughening efficiency, due to the incompatibility
between toughening agents and parent PLA. Herein, we report a dynamic
vulcanization method to toughen PLA using sebacic acid cured epoxidized
soybean oil (VESO), a fully sustainable and biodegradable component.
A series of sebacic acid cured epoxidized soybean oil precursors (SEPs)
were prepared with different carboxyl/epoxy equivalent ratio (R), which consequently dictates the chemical structure and
the morphology of PLA/VESO blends after the dynamic vulcanization.
We demonstrated that the chemical structure of VESO plays a critical
role in the compatibility, morphology, and toughness of the PLA/VESO
blends. By optimizing the R-value, supertoughened
PLA blends can be obtained, as evidenced by the significant improvement
in the tensile toughness (up to 150.6 MJ/m3) and the impact
strength (up to 542.3 J/m). The results of the toughening mechanism
from the morphology study confirm that the chemical structure of VESO
is the key indicator of the toughening efficiency. For the PLA/VESO
blends, at optimized R-value, the fracture energy
can be dissipated efficiently through shear yielding of the PLA matrix
induced by internal VESO cavitation to achieve supertoughness.
Polymers
synthesized directly from plant oils such as castor oil
usually exhibit poor mechanical properties and cannot be reprocessed
due to the soft, highly cross-linked and permanent cross-linking structures.
Herein, we report a novel approach to synthesize high performance
and malleable polymer networks, namely poly(ester amide) vitrimers,
from castor oil via melt condensation polymerization with sebacic
acid, polyamide 1010 monomer salt and 4-aminophenyl disulfide. 4-Aminophenyl
disulfide with excellent thermal stability is applicable for high
temperature polymerization and endows the poly(ester amide) network
with malleability. Polyamide 1010 segments introduced by polyamide
1010 monomer salt endow the poly(ester amide) network with improved
and tunable mechanical properties. This investigation demonstrates
a new powerful strategy for developing high performance and reprocessable
polymer networks from plant oils.
The substitution of petroleum-based
self-healing elastomers with biobased counterparts is crucial to the
global sustainable development of the rubber industry, which highly
depends on the ease of the synthesis procedure. Herein, we show that
highly stretchable, recyclable, and self-healable biobased elastomers
were synthesized via condensation polymerization of succinic acid,
adipic acid, sebacic acid, and 1,4-butanediol in the presence of a
small amount of glycerol as a curing agent and 3,3′-dithiodipropionic
acid as a dynamic covalent monomer. The macroscopic properties of
our elastomers, including thermal, mechanical, stress relaxation,
and self-healing performance, were finely regulated via microscopic
chemical and topological structure. As such, a highly stretchable
(up to ∼1700%), recyclable (almost without degradation of the
mechanical performance over several repeats), rapid room temperature
self-healable (in 20 min) biobased vitrimeric elastomer was achieved,
which is the first aliphatic disulfide metathesis assisted self-healing
polymer achieved at such low temperatures. The ease of the polycondensation
with which the elastomers can be readily scaled up points to exciting
opportunities for sustainable polymers with minimal environmental
impact.
A highly efficient alkenylation reaction of arylglyoxals with 3-vinylindoles catalyzed by chiral calcium phosphate is described. Structurally diverse allylic alcohols bearing indole and carbonyl units are prepared in excellent yields, good diastereoselectivities, and high to excellent enantioselectivities. These products are good building blocks for the synthesis of polysubstituted chiral tetrahydrocarbozol-2-ones. The mechanism study indicates that the most likely role of the catalyst is to activate the hydrate of arylglyoxal and control the stereoselectivity via desymmetric coordination.
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