This article describes a present fire product certification system and some of the problems in supervision and management. The crucial components of extinguishing agents and fire-retardant materials are still unable to be detected rapidly on-site using the GA588 rules for field inspection and judgement of fire products. This article introduces the progress in research on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technology for active ingredients, moisture detection, species identification and brand identification of dry powder extinguishing agents, fireproof coatings and heptafluoropropane. It proves that NIR technology can rapidly, accurately and non-destructively measure dry powder extinguishing agents, fireproof coatings and heptafluoropropane. The construction of a rapid detection management system for fire extinguishing agents and fire-retardant materials is put forward.
With the rapid development of the information technology industry, refurbished products play significant roles in this challenge of environmental, economic, and social performance revolution. Meanwhile, when the refurbished product is launched in the market compete with new products, how and whom to repair the used products effectively and what kind of effective coordinate incentive mechanisms utilized to alleviate conflict and achieve the challenge become one of the most significant issues. Therefore, this study compares two refurbishing structures (manufacturer refurbishing and retailer refurbishing) under three different contract incentive mechanisms (wholesale price, revenue sharing, and reward points contracts) in two periods closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) model with demand uncertainty. Our results show that the manufacturer should allow his retailer to refurbish used products under the condition of using reward points contract strategies. It will help improve the whole channel performance and create much higher profits. Meanwhile, in the manufacturer refurbishing scenarios, all channel members benefit from the reward point contract. However, manufacturers prefer revenue-sharing contracts while retailers prefer wholesale price contracts in the retailer refurbishing scenarios.INDEX TERMS Refurbished products, channel coordination, closed-loop supply chain.
In recent years, the resource shortage and environmental degradation have made enterprises and governments increasingly aware of the importance of sustainable development. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic has also increased the shortage of medical materials. Based on this, we investigate the tradeoff of the critical medical devices refurbishing strategies when blockchain is used in three different structures: manufacturer refurbishing, retailer refurbishing, and third-party refurbishing in the two-period refurbishing strategies. We find that the manufacturer always benefits from the adoption of blockchain technology strategy in the manufacturer refurbishing scenario. However, for the retailer in the second period, the retailer references the adoption of blockchain only if the willingness to pay is extremely high. Additionally, when the medical supply chain channel member chooses retailer refurbishing or third-party strategy, the manufacturer always likes to use blockchain technology. That’s because it will help the information value spillover from the retailer to the manufacturer, which leads the manufacturer to get more profits and a lower profit for the retailer. However, in the retailer refurbishing or third-part strategy, the whole channel profits are higher than not adopting blockchain technology. Therefore, business managers can be based on our research to achieve profits Pareto-improving.
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