Rockburst is a violent rock failure process which poses a significant threat to human safety in mining and tunneling construction. Although many in situ investigations provided valuable insights on the rockburst mechanism, the failure and rock fragmentation process during a rockburst cannot be fully examined on the site. In this paper, a modified triaxial rock testing apparatus is employed to investigate the rockburst behavior of oriented sandstone. A high-speed camera is used to record the crack propagation and the ejection of rock fragments on the unloading surface. The microscopic characteristics of the fragments generated from the rockburst tests are observed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging technique. The trajectory sketches are drawn to calculate the initial velocities of the rock fragments ejected based on the photographs taken by the high-speed camera. The results show that the mass and velocity of fragments are the two main parameters for the identification of the energytransferring process in the rockburst test. When the bedding orientation is perpendicular to the unloading surface, the rockburst is controlled by the specimen's strength. However, when the bedding orientation is parallel to the unloading surface, the rockburst is dependent on the structural stability of the specimen.
Geosynthetic tubes inflated with water, clay slurry or sand have been widely used for large dike construction in land reclamation projects. In this paper, analytical solutions for geosynthetic tube resting on rigid foundation is presented by adopting an approach similar to that presented by . The proposed method allows a quick preliminary design to be made for using a closed-form solution. To simplify the analysis, relationships between geometrical parameters and pumping pressure are established using numerical method. The analytical solutions were compared with several existing solutions and good agreements were achieved.
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