A new pore collapse model, in which the effect of the binder in Plastic Bonded Explosives (PBX) is taken into account, is developed and integrated into the so-called hot-spot ignition model of shocked explosives. A two-dimensional hydrocode DYNA2D is used to simulate the shock initiation of PBX, with a reaction rate model consisting of a hot-spot ignition term, a slow-burning term at low pressure and a high-pressure reaction term. The numerical results show that the model can successfully describe the effects of the strength and the content of the binder, particle size and porosity of explosives on the shock initiation.
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the 10-item Perceived Efficacy in Patient–Physician Interaction (PEPPI-10) scale in hospitalized patients with severe knee osteoarthritis in the People’s Republic of China.MethodsBetween January and March 2015, the Chinese versions of PEPPI, self-efficacy for exercise scale, osteoporosis self-efficacy scale, and modified fall efficacy scale were applied to assess 110 severe knee osteoarthritis patients who were hospitalized in the second ward of the department of arthroplasty surgery of Tianjin Hospital.ResultsThe Chinese version of the PEPPI-10 scale had a high coefficient of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α coefficient, 0.907). The score of the Chinese version of PEPPI was weakly correlated with the scores of the Chinese versions of self-efficacy for exercise scale, osteoporosis self-efficacy scale, and modified fall efficacy scale.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the PEPPI-10 scale exhibits sufficient internal consistency and convergent validity in hospitalized patients with severe knee osteoarthritis in the People’s Republic of China.
A series of shock initiation experiments are performed on the PBXC03 explosives in different formulations to understand the influence of the explosive particle size on the shock initiation, and the in-situ pressure gauge data are obtained which show that shock sensitivity decreases with the explosive particle size under the test condition used in this paper. Moreover, a mesoscopic reaction rate model which is calibrated by the experimental data on a medium formulation PBXC03 explosive is adopted and then applied to predict numerically the shock initiation of other PBXC03 explosives in different formulations. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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