Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the micromorphology of the male first gonopods (G1) of 22 species of common Taiwanese potamid crabs of the genus Geothelphusa Stimpson, 1858. Electron micrographs were taken from dorsal, lateral, and apical views of the terminal segment, the sub-terminal segment, and the synovial membrane; and a total of five measurements was taken, i.e., synovial membrane length (SML) and width (SMW), sub-terminal segment width (SW), and terminal segment length (TSL) and width (TSW). In addition, the diameter of the apical opening of the ejaculatory canal (AD), the number of scale rings, the setal type, and the direction of the curve of the tip of the terminal segment were recorded. In adult female crabs, the mean of the diameter of the gonopores and the distance between these were also measured. The scanning electron micrographs of the G1 are all shown in the present paper.
RÉSUMÉLa microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) a été utilisée pour comparer la micromorphologie des premiers gonopodes mâles (G1) de 22 espèces communes de crabes Potamidae de Taiwan du genre Geothelphusa Stimpson, 1858. Les microphotographies du segment terminal, du segment subterminal et de la membrane synoviale ont été prises en vues dorsales, latérales et apicales; un total de cinq mesures a été effectué, soient la longueur de la membrane synoviale (SML) et sa largeur (SMW), la largeur du segment sub-terminal (SW), ainsi que la longueur du segment terminal (TSL) et sa largeur (TSW). De plus, le diamètre de l'ouverture apicale du canal éjaculateur (AD), le nombre des anneaux d'écailles, le type de soies et la direction de la courbe de l'extrémité du segment terminal ont été examinés. Chez les crabes adultes femelles, la moyenne du diamètre des gonopores et la distance entre ces derniers ont été également mesurées. Les microphotographies à balayage des G1 sont toutes présentées dans le présent article.
This study focused on improving the forecasting of the afternoon thunderstorm (AT) event on 5 August 2018 near Pingtung Airport in southern Taiwan through a three-dimensional variational data assimilation system using Doppler lidar-based wind profiler data from the Weather and Research Forecast model. The assimilation of lidar wind profiler data had a positive impact on predicting the occurrence and development of ATs and wind fields associated with the local circulations of the sea–land breeze and the mountains. Evaluation of the model quantitative precipitation forecast by using root-mean-square error analysis, Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient analysis, Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis, and threat and bias scores revealed that experiments using data assimilation performed much better than those not using data assimilation. Among the experiments using data assimilation, when the implementation time of assimilation of the wind profiler data in the model was closer to the occurrence time of the observed ATs, the forecast performance greatly improved. Overall, our assimilation strategy has crucial implications for the prediction of short-duration intense rainfall caused by ATs with small temporal and spatial scales of few hours and a few tens of kilometers. Our strategy can help guarantee the flight safety of aircraft.
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