The objectives were to study the expression of receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) and estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in the normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous endometrium and to explore their possible role in carcinogenesis and progression of endometrial carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied to detect protein and messenger RNA expression of RCAS1, ER-alpha, and ER-beta in normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous endometrium. Western blotting was also used to detect the RCAS1 protein expression. Immunohistochemistry showed that the high expressions of RCAS1 protein were 0% (0/20), 9.1% (2/22), 40% (8/20), and 68.0% (34/50) in normal, simple, and complex hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma, respectively. There was a significant difference between each group (P < 0.05). The high-level expression of RCAS1 was detected more frequently in endometrial cancer with deep myometrial invasion, vascular invasion, and positive ER-alpha (P < 0.05). Two staining patterns of RCAS1 were observed. All normal, simple, and complex hyperplastic endometrium showed P pattern, while all malignant endometrium were of the D pattern. In atypical endometrium, 25% (5/20) cases showed D pattern. The Western blotting and RT-PCR results correlated with the immunohistochemistry results. The expression and distribution of RCAS1 may be involved in the malignant transformation of endometrium, and RCAS1 coexpression with ER-alpha may be associated with development and metastasis of endometrial carcinoma.
Our study is to determine the presence of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) in endometrial biopsy specimens classified by the 1994 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for endometrial hyperplasia. Endometrial biopsy specimens that were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) were examined and categorized by the WHO 1994 criteria and for the presence of EIN as defined by the International Endometrial Collaborative Group. β-catenin expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. A total of 474 cases of HE stained endometrial biopsy tissues were reviewed. There were 379 cases of simple endometrial hyperplasia, 16 with simple atypical endometrial hyperplasia, 48 with complex endometrial hyperplasia, and 31 with complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Among the 474 endometrial hyperplasia cases, there were 46 (9.7%) that were classified as EIN. Of these 46 cases, 11(2.9%) were classified as simple endometrial hyperplasia, 1 (6.3%) as simple atypical endometrial hyperplasia, 6 (12.5%) as complex endometrial hyperplasia, and 28 (90.3%) as complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia. EIN was associated with a higher rate of β-catenin positivity than endometrium classified as benign hyperplasia (72% vs. 22.5%, respectively, P < 0.001), but a lower rate than endometrial adenocarcinoma (72% vs. 96.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). In benign endometrial hyperplasia, high β-catenin expression was noted in the cell membranes, whereas in EIN and endometrial adenocarcinoma high expression was noted in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, EIN is more accurate than the WHO classification for the diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the endometrium.
We have reported (Ramaswami and Lakshman, 1958, 1959a, b)on the spawning reaction of the skipper-frog (Rana cyanophlyctis Schn.) to mammalian hormones. It was found that androgen, progesterone, 17-hydroxycorticosterone and deoxycorticosterone made the intact skipper-frog oviposit when these hormones were injected individually. The other mammalian hormones, viz., follicle-stimulating hormone (Armour), luteinizing hormone (Armour), growth hormone(Armour), thyroid-stimulating hormone (Armour), adrenocorticotrophic hormone(Dumex; Armour), pregnant mare serum (Antex:Dumex), chorionic gonadotrophin(Physex: Dumex;Antuitrin S: Parke Davis), thyroxine(Glaxo), sodium L-triiodothyronine (Glaxo), cortisone acetate(Glaxo), prednisone acetate (Glaxo), estradiol-dipropio-nate (Ciba), 19-nortestosterone (Organics Inc.) and insulin(Boots)brought about spawning or oviposition only when used along with a threshold dose of homo-plastic pituitary glands;the result with estrogen was very poor. Our recent experiments have also shown that lactogenic hormone (Panlitar:Armour) can also bring about ovulation in the skipper-frog only if the hormone is injected along with the threshold pituitary gland dose. Oxytocin (Parke Davis) could not bring about ripening of eggs even when combined with the threshold pituitary gland dose. Creaser and Gorbman (1939), Rugh (1948) and Burgers and Zwarenstein (1955) have described cases where chorionic gonadotrophin or even cortisone brought about ovulation in frogs or toads. It was our object to find out if the hormones that normally bring about ovula-tion in the skipper-frog would do so, if the test animals were devoid of their pituitary gland. It has been noted that a combination of mammalian follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone brought forth ovulation in the intact and hypophysectomized Rana pipiens (Turner, 1955). In the newt, small doses of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone brought about ovulation fourteen days after hypophysectomy (Otsuka, 1956). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh gravid skipper-frogs (Rana cyanophlyctis Schn.) were hypophysectomized by the usual method and were maintained at room temperature. Some of the test animals which had their Received for publication November 26, 1959.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.