In recent years, most studies on flipped classrooms or flipped learning have focused on learners' motivation, academic achievement and teachers' and students' perceptions of the flipped classroom. Little research has involved interactions in the flipped classroom. This study aims to show that in-class collaborative learning in the flipped classroom can not only be conceived as a collective activity consisting of discrete actions, but also as a systematic activity. From the activity-theoretical perspective, contradictions were found between components of an activity such as subject, tools, rules, community, division of labor, object and outcome. This study conducted a pre-experiment, selecting one lesson of the seventh-grade Information Technology Course as the learning content, conducted in a flipped classroom. Three triads with different compositions were specifically observed by recording their interactions. More second-level contradictions existed between subject and tools, and division of labor within the low-level triad than within the other two triads, and more first-level contradictions also occurred within the low-level triad than within the other two triads. Most second-level contradictions within the high-level triad were resolved by self-regulation of cognition. Instead, most secondlevel contradictions within the mixed-level triad were overcome by co-regulation or shared regulation of cognition. This study sheds light on how to effectively design and implement flipped learning, and provides a new approach for analyzing interactions in the classroom.
Background and Objectives Little research has examined cognitive health disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual populations. Further, most extant studies rely on subjective measures of cognitive functioning and non-probability samples. This study uses a performance-based cognitive screening tool and a nationally representative sample of older Americans to examine the disparity in cognitive impairment by sexual orientation and the potential mechanisms producing this disparity. Research Design and Methods Using data from the 2015-16 National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N=3,567), we analyzed respondents’ scores on the survey-adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-SA). We estimated ordinal logit regressions to examine the relationship between sexual orientation and cognitive impairment and used the Karlson-Holm-Breen method to assess how mental and physical conditions, health behaviors, and social connections mediate this relationship. Results The prevalence of cognitive impairment is significantly higher among sexual minority older adults than among heterosexual older adults when sociodemographic factors are adjusted for. Depressive symptoms explain some of this prevalence gap. Although anxiety symptoms, physical comorbidity, health behaviors, and social connections may contribute to cognitive impairment, they do not explain the cognitive disparity by sexual orientation. Discussion and Implications The findings indicate that depressive symptoms are an important link between minority sexual orientation and cognitive impairment and highlight the importance of studying other potential mechanisms that we could not explore in this study. Future research should further investigate how minority stress processes may unfold to accelerate cognitive decline among sexual minorities over the life course.
Previous research has suggested that unmarried persons may be disadvantaged in personal networks and social support. However, little is known about whether the quantity and quality of social relationships differ by marital status among older Americans. Using data from the 2006 and 2008 psychosocial questionnaires of the Health and Retirement Study, we examined the quantity and frequency of contact of three types of social relationships (i.e., friends, children, and family members) as well as the quality of these ties across six marital status groups (i.e., first married, remarried, cohabiting, divorced/separated, widowed, and never married). Our analytic sample included 13,087 respondents aged 51 and above. Multiple linear regression was used for the analysis. Our results show significant differences in social relationships by marital status. In terms of relationships with friends, compared to first-married persons, all the unmarried groups (except the cohabitors) had more frequent contact with their friends and reported greater support as well as greater strain from their friends, controlling for demographic covariates. Remarried persons and cohabitors were largely similar to their first-married counterparts except that both had fewer friends they felt close to, and the cohabitors also reported greater strain with their friends. In terms of relationships with children, all the unmarried groups except for widowed persons had fewer children they felt close to. All the unmarried groups were also disadvantaged in contact frequency and perceived social support from their children. Remarried persons were significantly disadvantaged compared to first-married persons in contact frequency and relationship quality with their children. These associations were largely robust when health and socioeconomic conditions were controlled for. In terms of relationships with family members, there were only a few significant differences across marital status groups. Our findings show the crucial role of marital status in shaping social relationships in later life.
The number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is expected to triple from 5 million to 13.7 million by 2050 in the US. Current studies suggest that older Black and Latinx adults experience poorer cognitive health; their dementia prevalence is 1.5 to 2 times higher than their white counterparts. Excessive stress exposure (e.g., traumatic experiences and discrimination) may serve as contributors to the cognitive health inequalities faced by racial/ethnic minorities. However, extant studies on cognitive health in diverse aging populations remained limited. In particular, little is known about how the level and effect of stress exposure account for cognitive health disparities across racial/ethnic groups. This study examines whether racial/ethnic differences in stress exposure (traumatic events, stressful life events, perceived everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, and financial strain) shape cognitive health disparities by race/ethnicity. Data from the 2006-2012 Health and Retirement Study are used to address the research question (N=9,251). Preliminary results based on ordinal logit regression models and moderation analyses suggest that all racial/ethnic minority older adults, especially Blacks, were more exposed to stressors and experienced poorer cognitive health than their White peers. However, even though some stressors are associated with adverse cognitive health, greater stress exposure among minority older adults explains little cognitive disparities faced by them. Moreover, the magnitude of the stressor effects on cognitive health is smaller for Blacks and Latinxs than for Whites. This study will discuss the implication of these unexpected findings and areas of promising future research.
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