Flight safety and airlines operation have been at the center of research since aircraft were first invented, as even slight errors in aircraft maintenance may cause serious accidents. Thus, aircraft maintenance is critical to the aviation industry all the time. To prevent maintenance errors, it is important to train for aviation maintenance. Therefore, an aircraft maintenance virtual reality (AMVR) system was developed in this study. For a Dornier-228 aircraft, a walk-around visual inspection of its fuel system was designed and tested in a virtual environment. For the system, CATIA V5 and Unity 3D software were used for designing the 3D model of the aircraft and developing the visual environment, respectively. With the software, the visual environment of the aircraft hangar was created for the system. The developed system was tested by students to validate the effectiveness of using the AMVR system in training. The students acknowledged that the system was beneficial to their learning, which proved that the developed system is highly effective for training students to improve aircraft maintenance skills.
Nanofluid flow over a backward facing step was investigated numerically at low Reynolds number and the heat transfer was analyzed and reported. Al2O3–H2O nanofluids of different volume fractions ( = 1–5%) were used as the material with uniform heat flux (UHF) of 5000 W/m2 at bottom wall for Reynolds number 200–600. The backward facing step of two geometries was investigated for two expansion ratios, 1.9432 and 3.5. The SIMPLE algorithm was used in the finite volume solver to solve the Naiver–Stokes equation. Temperature difference at inlet and boundaries, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, coefficient of skin friction, and temperature contours were reported. The results show that when nanofluids are used, the coefficient of heat transfer and Nusselt number increased at all volume fractions and Reynolds number for both the expansion ratios. The coefficient of heat transfer at = 5% was higher by 63.11% and 9.66% than the pure water for ER = 1.9432 and ER = 3.5. At = 5%, the outlet temperature for the duct decreased by 10 K and 5 K when compared to the pure water for ER = 1.9432 and ER = 3.5. Coefficient of skin friction and outlet temperature decreased for both the volume fractions in both the expansion ratios.
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